Pragmatics

Pragmatics

1. What is syntax?

   • Study of the relationships between linguistics forms, how they are arraged in sequence, and which sequences are well formed.

2. What is semantics?

   • Study of the relationship between linguistic forms and entitires in the world, tht is how literally conect to things.
     • Semantics is also concerned with the truth condition of proposition express in sentence

3. What is pragmatics?

   • Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener.
     • Features of pragmatics
       • Involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said
       • Explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation .
       • Explores how  the unsaid words are recognized as part of communication.
       • Implides experience.

4. Regularity

   • Some of that regularity derives from the fact that people are members of social groups and follow general patterns of behavior expected within the group.
     • Another source of regularity in language use derives from the fact that most people within a linguistic community have similar basic experiences of the world and share a lot of non-linguistic knowledge

5. Cooperation and implicature

   • Is the assumption that participants in a conversation normally attemp to be informative, truthful, relevant and clear.
     • Generalized conversational implicatures
       • Interferences that refer to the non explicit meaning tat occurs by default in any type of context.
     • Conversational implicature
       • Is an indirect or implicit speech act what is meant by a speaker´s utterance that is not part of what is explicitly said.
         • Properties
           • Cancellability
           • Non-dettachability
           • Calculability
           • Non conventionality
           • Reinforceability
           • Univesality

6. Reference and inference

   • Reference
     • As an act in which a speaker or writer uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, reader to identify something.
   • Inference
     • More important for succesful reference to occur. Because there is not direct relationship between entities and words the listener task is to infer correctly which entity the speaker intens.

7. Direct and indirect speech act

   • Direct speech act
     • When there is a direct relationship between the structure and the communicative fuction.
       • Ex: You wear a seatbelt
   • Indirect speech act
     • Are commonly used to reject proposals and to make request.
       • Ex: It´s cold outside

8. Presupposition and entailment

   • Presupposition
     • Something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making and utterance
       • Types
         • Factive
         • Existential
         • Lexical
         • Non-factive
         • Structural
         • Counterfactual
   • Entailment
     • Is a concept to refers to a specific kind of relationship between two sentences or more.

9. Deixis

   • Types of Deixis
     • Personal deixis
       • Personal deixis is expressed though the possessive affixes and agreement affixes of verbs.
     • Spatial deixis
       • Local deixis is expressed in place of adverbials (left, between, behind) which indicates the speaker´s locations during the speech.
     • Temporal deixis
       • Temporal deixis places the speaker´s perspective on the past, present and future.
   • Phenomenon where to understand the meaning of certain words and phrases in an explanation, require contextual information.