GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR

1. PERFECT MODALS

   • They express possibility or probability. When used with the infinitive form of the perfect ("have" + past participle), modal verbs indicate speculation about things in the past.
   • USES
     • Must have "Must have" is used to express a logical conclusion about something that happened in the past
       • EXAMPLES
         • The lights are off. They must have gone out.
           • I never see John and Claire together anymore. They must have separated.
       • May have / Might have "May have" and "might have" are used to express possibility in the past. The use of these two manners also expresses uncertainty.
         • EXAMPLES
           • I think it may have worked, but we gave up too soon.
             • They might have won if their star player hadn’t been injured.
         • Can’t have “Can’t have” is used in a similar way to “must have”, but in a negative way. We can use "can’t have" when we are quite sure that something is not happening or was not true in the past.
           • I know you love chocolate. It can’t have been easy to say “no” to that piece of cake.
             • Frank failed the exam. He can’t have been paying attention in class
           • Could have "Couldn't have" can be used instead of "can't have."
             • EXAMPLES
               • I know you love chocolate. It couldn’t have been easy to say “no” to that piece of cake.
                 • Frank failed the exam. He couldn’t have been paying attention in class
             • Should have / Ought to have "Should have" and "ought to have" is used when something did not happen, but it would have been better if it had. In the negative, these references indicate that something happened, but it would have been better if it had not.
               • EXAMPLES
                 • I told you, you should have studied more!
                   • Ben ought to have gone to the doctor sooner. Now they say it will be a month before he is fully recovered.

2. THIRD CONDITIONAL

   • If + past perfect, would/wouldn’t have + past participle.
     • Would have + past participle if + past perfect.
   • This type of conditional is used to think about situations in the past that did not happen and imagine what results they would have had
     • USAGE
   • STRUCTURE
   • EXAMPLES
     • If you had put yeast, the cake would have risen.
       • If you had told me about the meeting, I wouldn’t have missed it.

3. Mixed Conditional Third / Second Conditional

   • Structure: If + Past Perfect, Present Conditional (would/wouldn’t + Verb (bare form)).
   • Usage We use the mixed third/ second conditional to express that if something had been different in the past there would be a present result.
   • Example If I had listened to your advice, I wouldn’t be in the mess.

4. https://7esl.com/mixed-conditional/

   • https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/blog/the-third-conditional/#:~:text=To%20make%20a%20sentence%20in,wouldn't%20have%20missed%20it
     • https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/71/third-conditional#:~:text=El%20third%20conditional&text=Este%20tipo%20de%20condicional%20se,levadura%2C%20el%20pastel%20habr%C3%ADa%20subido