TUDORS

TUDORS

ENGLAND IN 1485
1. Government of England
  1. Royal household - King's domestic needs
  2. Court- entertain & influence King
  3. Law and order led by JPs
  4. Parliament -not a regular feature - only called when King needed money
  5. Relied on nobles for advice (w/ senior church)
2. War of the Roses 1455-85
  1. Struggle for English throne -York & Lancaster
    1. Henry defeated Richard 3rd in 1485
    2. Married Eliz of York (1486) to 'unite houses'
  2. Most fighting between 1459-64 / 1469-71 / 1483-7
  3. Struggle bc of instability
    1. Henry VI -weak / Nobles -strong
3. Henry Tudor
  1. Weak claim to the throne
  2. Had been exiled to France -14 years
    1. Didn't know England v well
4. Monarchy in England
  1. Throne changed regularly since 1399
  2. Henry VI -1422-61 / 1470-1
    1. Edward IV overthrew H VI in 1461 but was removed in 70 then reigned in 1471
      1. Richard III -1483 (Death of Edward IV)
        Richard may have murdered nephews (sons of Edward IV)
        Buckingham Rebellion attempted to remove Richard before Henry's Tudor invasion
5. Economy and Finance
  1. England's main export was cloth (Netherlands)
  2. Income of an English King as < French Monarch's
    1. Income from customs had declined
    2. Land owned by Crowns provided King w regular income (but was on decline)
6. England's position in Europe
  1. Lost land in France (15th Cent) but still ruled Calais
  2. France were the main threat
    1. Scotland allied w France so England's Northen border was at risk
    2. Spain gaining + power
INTRO TO HENRY VII AND ENGLAND
1. War of the Roses
  1. Henry defeats Richard III in Aug 1485
  2. Faced a lot of problems w Yorkists and Nobles
  3. Royal Authority placed as result of civil war
    1. Royal finances declined
    2. 'Bodyguards of the King'
2. Overview of reign (early)
  1. Henry faced conspiracy from Lovel and Stafford
    1. Went to battle w Simnel in 1487
  2. Married Eliz of York 1846 to merge houses
    1. Still faced opposition
      1. Yorkshire 1489
      2. Cornwall (1497)
        Over taxation
      3. Faced 'pretenders' with 'claims to the throne'
        Perkin Warbeck in the ToL, conspired w Sir William Stanley and were executed in 1513
3. The Nobles
  1. Power of nobility was attacked through Acts of Parliament
    1. Against illegal retaining in 1487 and 1504
    2. However, always a chance they'd group against him
  2. Were put under strict behaviour and loyalty policies
    1. If these were broken they would have to fine large fines and land would be taken off of them
      1. Fines built financial strength
4. General problem solving
  1. ACT OF RESUMPTION; 1486
    1. Land lost in civil wars were given back
  2. Made localities loyal by using Council of North and re-establishing Council in Wales and the Marshes; 1493
  3. JPs had a more enhanced role
5. Overview of reign (late)
  1. Henry secured his position by having 2 sons ; Arthur and Henry
    1. Arthur died; 1502 and Wife in 1503
      1. Weakens position
  2. Open rebellion declines
    1. When Warbeck was defeated
    2. When Earl of Suffolk imprisioned
    3. Lord Abergeveny was fired (1508) -raising a large army/riots in Kent
  3. Dies in 1509
WEAK CLAIM TO THE THRONE?
1. His Mother
  1. The claim was through his mother (Margaret Beaufort)
    1. Patriarchol society- Women seen as a lower class
    2. Descent of Edward III by marrying 3rd son John of Count (Lancaster Duke) to Catherine Swynford
      1. HOWEVER, children were out of wedlock -had to be legitimised by parliament
2. Through war
  1. Only became King through killing Richard III
    1. Nobles didn't support him
3. Father's mother was a French princess
  1. Had been married to Henry V before Owen Tudor
4. Yorkists
  1. Had faced a lot of Yorkist opposition
    1. Pretenders
    2. Riot/war
SECURING HIS POSITION
1. Bosworth
  1. Dated beginning of his reign to day before BoB
    1. 'Anyone who fought against him were traitors and could seize estates
2. Coronation
  1. Arranged his coronation for the 30th -before parliament met
    1. Couldn't claim he was king because of parliament
3. Marriage
  1. Got married Jan 1486 after being crowned
    1. Couldn't claim he was king because of his wife
4. Lack of knowledge
  1. Weak from exile of 14 years to France -unknown area
  2. People weary of war and wanted a King who offered security/peace
    1. Became King without being dependant on the Nobles
YORKIST/OPPOSITION
1. Lovell and Stafford (1486)
  1. Rebellion of taking the throne in the Midlands and the North
    1. Supported Richard III
    2. Not a serious threat
      1. Henry found out and stopped them
    3. Lovell fled and Stafford was arrested
2. Herbert and Vaughn
  1. Rebellion led by Yorkists
    1. Didn't prevent royal progress to win loyalty and obidience
      1. Put down by Rhys ap Thomas (support H @ Bosworth)
    2. No threat
3. Earl of Suffolk - Edmund de la Pole
  1. Newphew of Yorkist kings
    1. Brother (John) has revolted against H so Ed was forced to pay £5000 to get Father's land
      1. Couldn't inherit Father's dutile title
        Humiliated by only having 3 stripes (Earl) instead of 4 (Duke)
    2. Maximilan promised to help rightful Yorkist kings to the throne
      1. Was paid £10,000 to keep Pole away (eventually £250,000)
        Suffolk was given over (freak storm) March 1506
        Imprisoned in ToL and executed in 1513
        H became paranoid and stopped trade between England and France
    3. Big threat
      1. Did a lot to keep him away

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