Material Science

Material Science

1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

   • Materials based on technology in the history of human civilization, began from the Bronze Age to the Space Age.
     • Root Framed materials from each era
       • IRON AGE
         • brought tools and utensils
       • STEEL AGE
         • He brought railways and utensils from the industrial revolution
       • AGE ELECTRONIC
         • Brought semiconductors and varieties of electrical appliances
       • SPACE AGE
         • It brought stronger and lighter structures (example composite materials)

2. Engineering materials are the foundation of technology

3. This is about understanding the behavior of materials, how they do it and why they differ in their properties.

4. The domain of materials is the physical and chemical combination focusing on the relationship between material properties and its structure.

5. CLASSIFICATION

   • They can be classified based on many criteria, for example, crystal structure (arrangement of atoms and bonds between them), properties or use.
     • METALS
       • they are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity; strong but deformable under applied mechanical loads; opaque to clear (shiny if polished)
       • Its valence electrons that are detached from the atoms and spread into a sea of electrons that binds the ions, for example aluminum
     • CERAMICS
       • are inorganic compounds and are generally made of metal oxides, carbides, nitrides or silicates, they are partially crystalline and partially amorphous
       • compressive strength, low ductility; generally insulating for heat and electricity. Examples: glass, porcelain, etc.
     • POLYMERS
       • they are amorphous, except for a minority of thermoplastics. Due to the type of joint, polymers are usually electrical and thermal insulators.
         • they have covalent bonds within each molecule and van der Waals forces between them. Example, nylon.
   • COMPOSITE MATERIALS
     • They are multiphase materials obtained by artificially combining different materials to achieve properties that individual components cannot achieve.
       • The main classes of compounds are metallic matrix, polymeric matrix, and ceramic matrix.
   • SEMICONDUCTORS
     • are covalent in nature. They are usually doped to improve electrical conductivity. They are used in the form of single crystals without dislocations, They are opaque to visible light but transparent to infrared for example, silicon
   • BIOMATERIALS
     • they must be biocompatible with body tissues and must not produce toxic substances, ability to withstand forces; low friction, wear, density and cost; reproducibility, example stainless steel

6. NEEDS

   • ADVANCED MATERIALS
     • They are traditionally developed with high performance capabilities and expensive examples: high temperature materials among others.
   • FUTURE MATERIALS
     • They are state-of-the-art materials that are being developed and are expected to have a significant influence on current technologies, especially in the fields of medicine, manufacturing and defense: intelligent material system
   • MODERN MATERIALS
     • Efficient motor at high temperatures
     • Use of nuclear energy
     • Hypersonic flight
     • Civil construction and structure.