Encoding

Encoding

1. Levels of Processing

   • Craik and Lockhart 1972
   • Depth of processing at encoding strengthens memory trace and facilitates recall
   • Phonetic and graphemic processing
   • circularity problem
   • what of retrieval? - Glenberg 1977

2. Relational processing

   • similarity-based, categorization
     • elaboration

3. item-specific processing

   • distinctiveness
     • maintenance rehearsal, semantic info

4. Dual process model

   • Mandler 1980
   • Familiarity - fluency of processing & encoding = better integration
     • helps for subsequent similar items - relational
   • search and retrieval - slower process - benefits from elaboration
     • item-specific
   • distinction between recognition and identification
   • explains Glenberg e.g. free recall benefits from relational but not maintenance rehearsal
     • free recall benefits from item specific - familiarity and integration