Unit 2

Unit 2

1. Population Dynamics

   • Birth Rate - Death Rate = Natural Increase (Pop growth/decline)
   • Exponentional Growth (2,4,8,16,32,64 e.t.c)
   • GDP = amount of wealth a country makes ÷ total population
     • Countries with low GDP (LEDCs) = highest natural increase
       • Why?
         • High Infant mortality rates
         • Religious/ethical reasons
         • No contracption/family planning
         • Need kids to work
         • Women are less career minded
     • Countries with high GDPs (MEDCs) = low natural income
   • The demographic Transition model
     • Study of a population. Describe the way population changes over time, due to birth and death rates
   • Malthus Theory
     • "Natural Checks" (disease,war and starvation)
     • "Were all doomed"
     • Population Grows expodentially (2,4,8,18 ...)
     • Food production grows arithmetically (1,2,3,4 ....)
   • Boserup Theory
     • controlled farming methods
     • People will invent solutions to farming methods
     • "Neccesity is the mother of invention"
     • Sustianability
     • "agricultural intensification" explains how farmers could grow food using better fertilizers and techniques
   • Population pyramids
     • Shows how population may develop and helps to plan for the future.
   • Population Structure
     • Aging population
       • Advantages
         • Knowledge/experience
         • Mentors
         • Workers
         • Available child carers
         • Less pressure for school places
       • Disadvatages
         • Huge pension issue
         • Lack of energy
         • Need to import labour
         • Rising health care costs
         • Imbalance of men and women (as women tend to live longer)
     • Youthful population
       • Advantaes
         • Larger workforce
         • More money
       • Disadvatages
         • Lack of school spaces
         • More housing needed
         • Job compition
         • Growing population
   • China's one child policy
     • To stop massive population growth
       • Prevented over 300 million births
     • 2nd child if....
       • Both parents are only children
       • If both parents live in rural areas and there first child is a girl they can try again for a boy
       • Origianly if you had a girl or disabled child
     • Rules to have a child
       • People must be 24 years old
       • Must be married
       • Must pass a test in family planing
     • If stick to the policy
       • Free nusery care for the one child
       • Free health care
       • Pay less tax
       • Housing benefits
     • If dissobey policy
       • Fine for each extra child
       • More tax
   • Migration
     • Mexico to the USA
       • Advantages
         • Immigrants add more then $30 billion to the US economy
         • Immigrants fill unskilled, low paid jobs
         • Immigrants start up own buisnesses
         • Increase tax revenue
         • Cheaper workers
         • More diversity
         • Can help to improve the quality of life back at home
       • Disadvantages
         • Wages forced down
         • Drugs
         • more patrol jobs
         • Health and welfare systems are strained
         • Immigrants live in own communities and don't embrace culture
         • Rubbish people left behind
         • Too much diversity
         • Competitions for housing and resources
         • Money leaks out of country (no multiplier effect)
       • Push factors
         • No money
         • Poor living conditions
         • Not enough land to farm on
         • Low education levels
         • Not enough food
         • Flood and draughts
         • 80% no clean water
       • Pull factors
         • Bright light syndrome
         • Jobs available
         • Good education
         • Money
         • Better housing
         • Close to them
       • Types of migration
         • Voluntary migration
           • Move at there own free will e.g. to find a better standard of living
         • Forced migration
           • When people have no choice e.g war
         • Permanent migration
           • People move forever
         • Temporary Migration
           • Don't move forever
     • Reasons for countries to ....
       • Encourage migration
         • Fills jobs that need doing
         • Cheaper labour
         • Offsets the effects of an ageing population
       • Uncourage migration
         • Costs alot to support these people
         • Only want people that are NEEDED
         • Avoids clashes of culture
     • "the movement of people from one place to another"
     • Can affect population
   • Populaton policies
     • Pro-natalist policies includes incentives to encourage people to have more children
     • Anti-natalist policies are policies to encourage people to have fewer children

2. Consuming Resources

   • Resource = A naturally occuring substance which can be used in its own right or can be made into something else
   • Renewable energy alternative to oil
     • Hydro-electricity
       • Advantages
         • Renewable
         • No greenhouse gas
         • Reliable
         • Large amounts created
       • Disadvantages
         • expensive
         • Few suitable sites
         • Homes lost
         • Environment probs e.g floods
         • Dead plants relise methane
     • Solar
       • Advantages
         • Renewable
         • Small and large scales
         • Free power from the sun
         • Silent
         • No pollution
         • No large cables
         • Useful in remote places
       • Disadvantages
         • Don't work at night
         • Wont work in cloud, or where there is no sunlight (e.g arctic circle
         • Expensive but getting cheaper
     • Wind
       • Advantages
         • Renewable
         • Clean no pollution
         • Still able to use land for farming
         • Cheap
       • Disadvantages
         • Noise
         • Dont work in weak or very strong winds
         • spoilt landcape
         • dose not replace fuel
         • Damages environment
     • Tidal
       • Advantages
         • Reliable
         • Renewable
         • No fuels and pollution
         • Don't damage sea/environment
         • Lots of sea in UK
       • Disadvantages
         • few suitable sites
         • concrete walls affect sealife
     • Biomass
       • Advantages
         • fuel for cars and electricity
         • Cant run out - not limiting
         • Landfill gas is used
         • Constant no weather reliability
       • Disadvantages
         • Costly (have to do it anyway)
         • Some pollution
         • Rust, seaweed e.t.c breaks machiens
     • Nuclear
       • Advantages
         • Not expensive
         • No greenhouse effect
         • Lots of energy from small fuel
         • little waste
         • reliable
       • Disadvantages
         • dangerous
         • must be sealed up and buried for many years to elimintae radioactivicty
         • Kept safe from flooding
         • Lots of money has to be spent on safety
   • Food shortage factors
     • political conflict/war
     • Population growth (especially LEDC's)
     • Climate change (droughts)
     • Pop grows exponentially, food grows arithmetically
     • Rising milk and rice prices
     • China
   • The future
     • To improve ....
       • Eat locally sourced food
       • Green energy
       • Less transport
       • Economic cars/less poluting
       • Energy saving
       • Turn heating down
     • Effects ....
       • Water shortages
       • Food shortages
       • Climate change
         • Sea level rise
         • Disease
       • Species extintion

3. Living Space

   • Attachment to a place
     • Men - low crime
     • Young - jobs
     • Rural Dwellers - affordable housing
     • Women -affordable housing
     • Old - healthcare
     • City Dwellers - Low crime

4. Making a Living

   • Globalisation
     • Industrialisation
       • Agricultural society develops on manufacturing industry
       • Mexico
     • De-Industrialisation
       • Decline in manufacturing industry . Growth in Quaternary and tertiary industries.
       • Reasons .....
         • Greater competition from other countries e.g India
         • Robots instead of workers
         • No traditional products - new technology
       • Impacts
         • Economic
         • Social
         • Environmental
       • Germany
     • Reasons for globaisation ...
       • Improved transport
       • WTO removes barriers between countries
         • Good and Bad
           • Good
             • Oppertunity to make money - all countries
             • Fairness
           • Bad
             • Dose not support local domestic buisness
             • Creates competition
       • Improved communication
       • Labour availability and skills
       • Robotics/tecnology
       • Intelligence
       • TNCs
       • IMF encourage development
   • Economic Change in the UK
     • Industrial Change
     • De-industrialisation
     • North/south divide?
   • Employment
     • Primary(raw materials) e.g coal miner
     • Secondary(manufacturing) e.g Carpenter
     • Tertiary(service jobs) e.g teacher
     • Quaternary (Information)e.g software designer
   • Clark Fisher model
     • Not straight path all the time
     • High tourist industry could occur
     • No imports included

5. The world of work

   • Globalisation
     • Types ...
       • Cultural
       • Political
       • Economic
     • The growth and spread of ideas and trade on a global scale
     • Good and Bad
       • Trade v Aid
         • People exploited
         • Help worse off people
       • Culture
         • Diversity
         • More Indian then US graduates. Name a british dish?
       • Terroism
         • Better understanding and security
         • Kill people,fraud,viruses e.t.c
     • Global Shift
       • Economic activicties (e.g manufacturing) moving from MEDC's to LEDC's
         • Why?
           • Technology
           • Cheaper and faster
           • Travel
           • Less countries operating alone
     • Winners and losers
       • Winners
         • Job's created in LEDC's
         • TNC's - cheaper labour
         • Older people working later
       • Losers
         • Women employment in primary and secondary industries is going down
         • MEDC's loose jobs
         • Sweatshop jobs
         • Young people cant get jobs
     • Trade
       • Domestic (within a country)
       • International
     • Foreign Direct Investment
       • Input money from the investors GNC country of origin (MEDC's) to host nation
       • Jobs and technology provided to LEDC's
       • Revenue - Cost = profit
     • India
       • Mumbai
         • Social
           • Better quality of life e.g cars and shopping
           • Wealth
           • Women doing well
         • Environmental
           • Pollution
           • Land price increase
           • Tree chopping for infalstructure
           • fuel and electric demand
         • Economic
           • Migrants
           • Diversified more jobs
           • jobs
           • Commercial capital
       • Globalisation = good or bad for India?
     • TNC's
       • Positive
         • trading relationship
         • Jobs in LEDC's
         • FDI - multiplier effect
         • Technology and skills
         • Helps LEDC's to become NIC's
           • brings itno economy
           • reduced consumer prices
       • Negative
         • exploitaion - child labour - cheap
         • Profits to MEDC's not LEDC's
         • Sometimes abandon factories if cheaper elsewhere
         • Overcrowding - migration
         • Transport + infrastructure lag behind
         • Culture change
         • Pollution
   • Old & New
     • Old
       • Women = domestic - place at home
       • Men = all jobs and work locally
       • Old people = no work at old age and jobs were for life
       • Young people = school - less important (less qualifications) Not much choice so copied parents
     • New
       • Women - work oppertunities - career minded
       • Men = Equal Male + female employment, Women can earn more
       • Old people = Don't understand technology, work longer
       • Young people = struggle to get jobs, better education(more qualifications)

6. Changing Cities

   • Ecological footprint
     • "An estimate of the area of Earths land ad water that was needed to supply resources to an individual or group of people in addition to the land required to absorb the waste they produce"
   • Source - resource use - waste

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