types of hazards and how we can measure them

types of hazards and how we can measure them

1. aspects of a hazard

   • geophysical hazard - caused by land processes
   • atmospheric - caused by atmospheric processes
   • hydrological - caused by water bodies
   • the frequency of a hazard
   • the magnitude
   • the intensity

2. human responses to hazards

   • perception
     • economic and cultural factors can influence perceptions
   • response
     • fatalism- hazards are uncontrollable and any losses sould be accepted
   • prediction- using reacherch and past events so warnings can be made or potentially prevented
   • adaptation - live with hazard by changing lifestyle choices
   • mitigation- lessen severity
   • managment- coordinated strategies to lessen severity
   • risk sharing- community preparedness

3. the park modle

   • representation of steps carried out in hazard recovery
     • rough indication of time frame
     • the steepness of the curve shows how quickly an area deteriorates and recovers
   • stage 1- relief
     • immediate local response
     • immediate appeal for foreign aid
     • hours to days
   • stage 2 - rehabilitation
     • services begin to be restored
     • temporary shelters and hospitals set up
     • food and water distributed
     • coordinated foreign aid, e.g military
     • days to weeks
   • stage 3 - reconstruction
     • restoring area to same quality or better
     • weeks to years
     • area back to normal - crops, ecosystems
     • infrastructure rebuilt and mitigation efforts for future

4. the hazard management cycle

   • preparedness - being ready, education, training
   • response - immediate action, evacuation, medical assistance
   • recovery - long term responses, reconstruction
   • mitigation- lessen affects of a future hazard, barriers, warning signals
   • outlines the stages in responding to events

5. the structure of the earth

   • inner core
     • iron/nickle
     • very hot due to pressure and radioactive decay
   • outer core
     • semi-molten
     • iron/nickle
   • mantle
     • asthenosphere
       • semi-molten
       • moves due to convection currents
       • lithosphere above
         • broken up into plates
         • made up of upper mantle and crust
     • mainly solid, high in silicon
   • crust
     • oceanic crust is dense and is destroyed by plate movement
     • continental crust is less dense and is not destroyed

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