Mapa mental
Populations in Transition
Conteúdo do mapa
Populations in Transition
Population Change
- Definitions
- Annual Growth Rate is normally expressed as a percentage and is calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate
- Natural increase or decrease as does not include migration
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the number of births per 1000 of population within a country
- Crude Death Rates (CDR) is the number of deaths per 1000 of the population within a country
- Population Distribution is the way that population is spread out
- Virtually all populations are distributed unevenly due to human and physical factors
- Availability of water
- Jobs
- Virtually all populations are distributed unevenly due to human and physical factors
- Population density is the number of people living per km2
- Annual Growth Rate is normally expressed as a percentage and is calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate
- Fertility
- Age specific birth rate is the number of births per 1000 of the population for a specific age group
- General fertility rate is the number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age
- Total fertility rate is the number of babies a women is expected to have in her lifetime
- Falls as the country develops
- Reproductive Age Range (or child bearing age). Biologically any women between puberty and menopause can have a child- usually between 15 and 49
- Replacement rate is the total fertility rate needed for a country to replace and maintain its population
- About 2.1
- High birth rates
- Primary based economy where children are needed to work on land
- Women maintaining in traditional role of rearing children and taking care of house
- Lack of education about contraception and family planning
- The need for children to care for elderly residents
- Status symbol of having a large family or the need to obtain a male heir
- Pro-Natalist policy
- Religious or legal practices (no abortion or discouragement of using contraception)
- Marriage at a young age
- Low birth rates
- Availability and affordability of contraception
- Education about contraception and family planning
- Reduced infant mortality (less need to have more children to make up for infant deaths)
- Female emancipation (free to get education and work)
- Cost of children
- Anti-natalist policy
- Delayed Marriage
- Better care for old dependents
- Mechanisation of primary sector and shift to secondary and tertiary sectors
- Mortality
- Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1000 live births a year
- Child mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under 5 years old per 1000 children
- Age specific death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 of population per year of a specific age group
- Life expectancy is the average age someone is expected to live when they are born
- High Death Rates
- War
- Natural Disasters
- Disease
- Poor medical care
- Shortage of clean water and poor hygiene
- Unhealthy Lifestyle
- Low death rates
- Improved medical care
- Immunisation programmes
- Clean and reliable water supply
- Improved diet
- Improved sanitation and hygiene
- Improved exercise
- Factors effecting death rates and life expectancy
- Age- the very young and very old are most vulnerable to disease
- Sex- women live longer to men, men cause damage to themselves through drinking and smoking
- Residence- literate and peaceful countries have higher life expectancy
- Occupation- Some jobs are most physically or mentally demanding than others and can affect people's health
- Nourishment- Shortage of food means you are more vulnerable
- Accommodation- Modern structure means running water,mains electricity and protection from the weather
- Literacy- better job prospects and allows you to know how to care for yourself
- Emigration- people leaving the country
- Immigration- migration of people into a country
- Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration
- Demographical Transition Model
- Stage 1 is little or no modern medical care, no family planning, high birth and death rates
- Stage 2 is birth rates remaining high but because of lowering death rates (basic medical care) population increases
- Stage 3 is where education improves birth rates begin to fall
- Stage 4 is where both birth and death rates are low and population remains stable
- Stage 5 is where birth rates fall below death rates so population declines
- Demographics
- Population pyramids show the structure of population in terms of sex and age
- Population structure is the composition of the population
- Sex ratio is the ratio between males and females
- Growth rates is used for calculating the long term growth rate of a country or region
- Population at the end- population at the beginning/population at beginning of period
- Doubling time is the length of time it takes for a population to double in size. Calculated by dividing 70 by the growth rate
- Population momentum is the continued growth of a population after fertility rate is equal or actually below the replacement rate
- Large concentration of people in the reproductive age range
- Population Projections
- To be able to better allocate and distribute resources
- To be able to target family planning and medical care more effectively
- To be able to predict population crises
- To advise governments
- Definitions
Responses to high and low fertility
- Definitions
- Old dependents are anyone over the age of 65
- Young dependents are anyone under the age of 16
- Economically active are people between 16 and 65 that work and pay taxes
- Aging population is a rise in the median age of the population
- Aging ratio is the proportion of people over the age of 65 compared to the total population
- Dependency Ratio
- Dependency ratio is the ratio between dependents and economically active. = Dependency ratio/working age*100
- Dependency ratio might increase because
- Increasing life expectancy
- Falling death rates
- Rising birth rates
- Immigration of dependents
- Emigration of economically active
- Young Population
- Causes
- High birth rates
- Problems
- Cost of childcare and education
- Increased dependency ratio
- Increased cost of child benefits paid by the government
- Shortage of workers (short term)
- Cost of healthcare
- Spending is diverted from defence, transport etc.
- Solutions
- Anti-natalist policy
- Increased immigration of economically active
- Privatised education and healthcare
- Removal of child benefits
- Reduced infant mortality rates
- Greater care of old dependents
- Immigration restrictions
- Advantages
- Lower death rates so less money spent on care homes
- Educated and IT literate population
- Abundance of future workers/military
- Large future market
- Causes
- Aging Population
- Causes
- High life expectancy
- Problems
- Shortage of economically active
- Reduced taxation income for the government
- Cost of providing healthcare
- Reduced spending on education, policing, transport network
- Cost of paying for pensions
- Service decline
- Solutions
- Pro-natalist policies
- Increased immigration of economically active
- Increased retirement age
- Private pensions and healthcare
- Advantages
- Elderly people have a lot of experience and can be valuable in the work place
- Less money spent on schooling and natal medical care
- Lower crime rates and less money needed to be spent on policing
- Causes
- Elderly workers
- Advantages
- Lost of experience of the workplace
- Elderly workers will not take maternity or paternity leave
- Probably won't have to pay into a government pension scheme
- Elderly people are often seen as more friendly and approachable
- Elderly workers can act as mentors for newer staff
- Elderly workers may be more willing to work part time or flexitime
- More loyal and can be seen as more reliable
- Disadvantages
- Advantages
- Definitions
Informações
- Descrição
- Higher Geography Mapa Mental sobre Populations in Transition, criado por Will Thorpe em 01-02-2016.
- Criado por
- Will Thorpe
- Visualizações
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- Avaliação
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