A: Manufacturing Systems

A: Manufacturing Systems

1. types of production

   • one off production
     • production where one item may be needed. often to customer requirements but at high cost, high levelof skill required such as a wedding cake, ball gown, furniture
   • just in time manafacture
     • just in time (JIT) is used by many firms. (business in partnership) with the belief that the right part will be available at the right time. this can be more efficient but detail is needed when planning
       • the car manufacture of Nissan relies on JIT systems. the geography of one of their sites in north England. this is so items can be delivered at ease as the timings of each item is crucial for the whole production.
   • Batch production
     • in batch production, higher quantities of the item is produced in one go. e.g. 1000 loaves of bread. seen in smaller industries where continues production proves to be costly or company is unaware of the demand. computer and machinery is used commonly one batch production as it enables quick changes of computer programs between batches or possible different components.
   • continuous production
     • continuous production is where the demand is so large by the manufacture, it needs to be constantly continued otherwise there will not be enough. such as phone and device parts or Lego pieces.
   • mass production
     • mass production is the continuous production of items over a long period of time. this method makes the use of dedicated machine roles with trained workers cattying out specific roles

2. prossesing

   • in line production
     • this is where items are moved continually along an assembly line with different parts added in the sequence. such as mass production for cars, dishwashers and TV'. it is expensive to set up but used for huge quantities of items. this reduces the individual item cost compared to batch and one off.
   • Automated production
     • Automated production is carried out using machines that have been pre programmed to work within specific conditions. there would usually be the role of an operator to make sure that the machinery is working and making the item correctly.
   • continual flow production
     • continual flow is where products, are going to be produced over a long period of time (mass or continues) often in the chemical industry
   • repetitive manafacturing
     • in repetitive manufacturing, products are unchanged over a long period of time. items are produced in batches repeatedly. used to produce food, such as chocolate etc.
   • cell production
     • A group of workers and machines carry out tasks together in groups often known as cells. people who do this will be required to work in a team. in mass production, items such as washing machines, robot cells will be involved in the welding part.
   • this is the prosses materials go through to be manafactured

3. bought in parts and standardised parts

   • with the production of electrical goods, cars, iit is not all carried out on the same location. several industries will comntribute to the production in a variety of ways. such as for a car, glass doors, the motor, tyres etc. they may be manufactured to order.
     • standard conponents are used regurly. this is so they comply with the international standards. by buying rconponents with standard parts, the manufacturer can reduce the overall amount of prosseses needed on the production line. this also reduces the number of employes and the range of skill required from the workforce.

4. the effects of manufacturing and properties of materials

   • terials during the manufacturing prosses must be carefully selected as certain materials react differently to different prosseses. this must be considered when a product is at the planning stag. even if the product seems aestetic, f it is brittle and does not work, it is pointless..

5. preparation and processing of materials

   • materials must be prepared to the appropriate standards. they need to be the right quality so they are appropriate for the manufacturing possess. buying pre prepared components can lead to savings in storage, handling, process's and other costs.

6. Assembly stages during production

   • anafacturing ptoduction stages include preparation, processing and packaging. the number stages required varies with the product scale, complexity and production. in sme cases, there sub stages before the assembly takes place.

7. production planning

   • to ensure all resources are used efficiently, and effectively, thorough planning is essential. set timings and sequences aof manufacturing activities in detail. plans can vary between sectors but all keep consideration of these points.
     • Manufacturing specification requirements
     • materials and conponents
     • human resources
     • tools and equipment
     • services
     • timings
     • prosseses
     • quality assurance

8. costing

   • the aim of any business is to survive. for this to happen, the product must contribute to the overall profitability of the company. minimilising production costs without compromising the product quality is a key aim of production planning.

9. sequences and timings of manufacturing stages

   • some stages of production can be carried out at the same time. e.g. preparing different sub assemblies and others must have a set order. before the detailed production planning takes place, its essential to take into account the timings and sequencing of manufacturing activities in detail. graphic methods such as flow charts and different software's can be used to help plan this. Gantt Charts are used in building and construction charts.

10. processes in manufacturing are quite diverse depending on the industry. this section looks into different manufacturing processes that may be seen in an industrial situation