Population Change

Population Change

1. World population change

   • Exponential rate = increasing more and more every year
   • 20th Century population explosion.
     • But now slowing down because of...
       • Advances in medical care globally
       • Emancipation of women
       • Mechanisation of agriculture
       • Urbanisation
       • Education

2. The Demographic Transition Model.

   • Explanation of the stages.
     • Stage 1
       • High birth and death rate
         • Only a few remote tribes NO COUNTRIES
     • Stage 2
       • Birth rate remains high
         • Death rate falls due to clean water and health care.
           • Population explosion
             • LEDC's : Niger
     • Stage 3
       • Birth rate rapidly falls due to emancipation of women.
         • Death rate is falling but slower
           • NIC's : India, Brazil.
     • Stage 4
       • Low death rate and fluctuating birth rate.
         • Gender equality and excellent health care
           • MEDC'S: UK, France
     • Stage 5
       • Low birth and death rate
         • Ageing populaion
           • Eastern Europe

3. China's One Child Policy

   • Example of: Direct birth control, Population management, Response to rapid population growth and management of youthful population.
   • Began in 1980 when the population reached 1,000,000,000
   • Changes to the policy since 1990:
     • Women are following careers
     • General attitude to girls improved.
     • Rural families can have a second child.
     • Ethnic minorities can have a second child because they only make up 1.5% of the population.
   • Pro's and Con's of the policy (evaluation)
     • Pro's
       • Birth rate has significantly dropped.
       • Natural increase has fallen.
       • Standard of living is better -wealthier.
       • Prevented 400 million extra births.
     • Con's
       • Female infanticide.
       • 'Little Emperors'
       • Future labour shortage
       • Ageing population
       • Gender imbalance -60 million more men than women under the age of 25.

4. Population Pyramids.

   • LEDC
     • Pyramid shape with concave sides
     • High BR, DR + IMR
     • Base heavy
   • MEDC
     • Bullet shape, convex sides
     • Top heavy
     • Low BR, DR + IMR

5. Kerala

   • Example of: Non -birth control
   • South - West India
   • Female emancipation
     • Women follow careers
       • Lower BR
   • Primary health care and vaccinations
     • Lower IMR
   • More sustainable population size
     • Fertility rate = 1.8 compared to 3.2

6. Ageing popualtions

   • Economic dependents - no tax
   • Elderly population over the age of 65
   • Problems and Solutions
     • Solutions
       • Build more care homes
       • Lower state pension amount and higher the age for receiving it
       • Brain drain
       • Work place pension
     • Problems
       • Higher death rate
       • Economic slow down
       • Strain on NHS
         • Dementia and Alzheimer's increase
         • Pressure on Geriatric care
       • Labour shortage
       • Housing shortage

7. Migration

   • Definition: Movement of people from one place to another
   • Types of migration
     • International
     • Forced
     • Seasonal
     • Economic