RESTLESS EARTH

RESTLESS EARTH

1. how humans use fold mountains

   • farming
   • forestry
   • tourism
   • HEP

2. volcanoes

   • Strato/composite volcanoes
     • violent eruptions
     • sticky lava
     • steep sides
     • often small
   • shield volcaonoes
     • lots of gentle eruptions
     • runny lava
     • lust lava no ash cloud
   • lanars
     • mudflows caused by mixed water and ash
   • MONTSERRAT CASE STUDY

3. SUPER VOLCANOES VS VOLCANOES

   • magma chamber
     • 1km3
     • 1000km3 + eruptable lava
   • vents
     • 1 vent
     • multiple vents
   • size of crater
     • up to 1km in diameter
     • tens of km in diameter
   • area affected
     • whole world but local area seriously
     • whole world seriously
   • shape
     • can be a cone, fissure or coldera
     • huge coldera
   • number of people affected
     • millions
     • billions

4. EARTHQUAKES

   • WAVES
     • primary waves
       • longitudinal
       • arrive first
       • cause less damage
       • up+down
     • secondary waves
       • transverse
       • side to side
       • arrive second
       • cause more damage
   • richter scale
     • 100% accurate
   • mercali scale
     • don't need equiptment
     • gives reflection of damage
     • useful to emergancey services
     • subject to personal opinion

5. EARTHQUAKES COMPARED KOBE (1995) VS BAM(2003)

   • MAGNITUDE
     • 7.2
     • 6.4
   • DEPTH
     • 10.9 miles
     • 9.3 miles
   • CAUSE
     • subductive - plillipean plate + Eurasion plate
     • collision Arabian plate + asian plate
   • PRIMARY IMPACTS
     • water system destroyed - no water, fires from gas pipes, destroyed houses, electricity, gas telephone lines. people trapped under rubble, 6000 injured, 1000 missing, 4000-5000 deaths
     • 40,000-60,000 deaths (popluation was 93,000) shops, houses (85%) roads, infrastructure destroyed. people crushed under buildings
   • SECONDARY IMPACTS
     • thousands homeless, infrastructure damaged, 1000 people missing, 4000-5000 dead, people have hypothermia
     • people die from being trapped, 500,000 homeless, short supply of food, lack of shelter, people develpoed hypothermia
   • REASONS FOR THE SCALE OF THIS DISASTER
     • alot of buildings destroyed and caused more damage, some buildings not earthquake proof, some houses made of wood and close together
     • poot building structures- mud bricks, rescue services couldn't get in the area, there were no recordsso they didnt know how many people to look for, lack of naitional planning
   • IMMEDIATE RESPONSES
     • army sent over to help, emergancy services came, people were evacuated, people lit fires to keep warm, make shift houses built
     • immediate donation of £150,00 british red cross gives medical, fod, water and blacket supplies. airports made into makeshift hospital
   • LONG TERM RESPONSES
     • long erm aid, rebuilt homes regulations put in
     • rebuilt the town, earthquake proof the city more, people moves away permanently, schools have Earthquake drills
   • WHO PROVIDED HELP?
     • army, fire crews, emergancy services, Japanese red cross, aid from other countries
     • British red cross, rich countries, Rapid UK.