Consciousness

Consciousness

Awareness of itself and its surroundings
1. Levels of awareness
  1. Top
    1. Controlled processes require attention
  2. Middle
    1. Automatic processes require minimal attention
  3. Bottom
    1. Minimal/no awareness of the environment
2. Flowing Stream with various depths
Sleep
1. Behaviour and an altered state of consciousness
2. Spend about a third of our lives asleep
Circadian Rhythms
1. le lasts about 24 hours
2. Light is an external cue
  1. Can set the circadian rhythm
3. Some circadian rhythms are endogenous
  1. Suggests the existence of an internal (biological) clock
Sleep Deprivation
1. Complete Deprivation
  1. 3-4 Days maximum
2. Partial Deprivation/Sleep Restriction
  1. Impaired attention, reaction time, coordination
3. Selective Deprivation
  1. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and SWS (Slow Wave Sleep)
  2. Rebound effect
4. Physiological functions not necessarily significantly impacted
5. Increases Stress
Functions of Sleep
1. REM
  1. Consolidation of mew memories
  2. Role in learning
  3. Important for creativity
  4. Absent in lower animals
2. Non-REM
  1. People deprived of all sleep show greater time spent in Non-REM sleep the next night
Brain Structures
1. Ascending reticular activating system
2. Pons, medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system
Neurotransmitters
1. Gaba
2. Serotonin
3. Norepinephrine (NE)
4. Dopamine (DA)
5. Acetylcholine
Why do we sleep?
1. Hypothesis One
  1. Evolved to conserve energy
2. Hypothesis Two
  1. Immobilization in adaptive because it reduces danger
3. Hypothesis Three
  1. Helps animals to restore energy
Sleep Problems
1. Insomnia
  1. Trouble falling asleep
  2. Trouble staying asleep
  3. Early wakening
2. Narcolepsy
  1. Falling asleep uncontrollably
  2. Deep into REM sleep
    1. Skips NREM sleep
3. Sleep Apnea
  1. Reflexive gasping for air that awakens the sleeper
  2. Usually unable to breathe for about 10 seconds
4. Nightmares
  1. Anxiety-arousing dreams
  2. Occur during REM sleep
5. Night Terrors
  1. Intense arousal and panic
  2. Occur during NREM sleep
6. Somnambulism
  1. Sleepwalking
Dreams
1. Mental experience during sleep
  1. Content usually familiar
  2. Common themes
  3. Waking life spillover
    1. Day residue
2. Western vs. Non-Western interpretations
3. Freud
  1. Seduction theory
    1. Manifest Content
      1. Wish fullfilment
      2. Strong
      3. What you experience
    2. Latent Content
      1. What drives the dream
      2. Not aware of it
4. Cartwright
  1. Problem Solving
5. Hobson and McCarley
  1. Story out of internal signals
Hypnosis
1. A systematic procedure that increases suggestibility
2. Hypnotic suggestibility
  1. Individual differences
3. Effects produced through hynpnosis
  1. Anesthesia
  2. Sensory distortions and halluncinations
  3. Disinhibition
  4. Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia
Meditation
1. Practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
Psychoactive Drugs
1. Four mechanisms of action
  1. Alter the production/synthesis of neurotransmitters
  2. Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters
  3. Alter the reception of neurptransmitters
  4. Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excessneurotransmitters
2. Categories
  1. Narcotics (Opiates)
    1. Pain Relieving
    2. "Who cares?"
  2. Sedatvies
    1. Sleep Inducing
    2. Downers
  3. Stimulants
    1. "I can conquer the world"
  4. Halucinogens
    1. Ranges from euphoria to nightmarish feelings (bad trip)
  5. Cannabis
  6. MDMA

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	Criado por leftielulu1995 quase 12 anos atrás