Reading and Writing

Reading and Writing

1. Saccade - the start feature of reading

2. Fixation - the stop feature of reading

3. Word superiority effect (WSE) - The phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters within word rather that isolated or within a pseudoword

4. Visual word form area

   • Fusiform Gyrus
   • Identify words from lower level shape images

5. Peripheral dyslexias

   • Pure alexia
     • Letter by letter reading
   • Attentional dyslexia
     • impaired ability to read more than one word at the same time
   • Neglect dyslexia
     • Misidentify letters on left or right or word
   • Impairments of visual and spatial processing of written words
   • Difficulty at feature and letter level

6. Central dyslexias

   • Difficulty at word recognition level
   • Surface dyslexia
     • Cannot recognise whole word, rely on sounding out, opposite of phonological dyslexia
   • Phonological dyslexia
     • read whole words but cannot sound out, opposite to surface dyslexia
   • Deep dyslexia
     • semantic errors and paraphrases

7. dual route model of reading

   • written word
     • visual feature and letter analysis
       • orthographic input lexicon
         • semantics
           • phonological output lexicon
             • speech
               • PHONOLOGICAL DYSLEXIA AFFECTED FROM VISUAL FEATURE AND LETTER ANALYSIS TO HERE
           • DEEP DYSLEXIA AFFECTED HERE
         • SURFACE DYSLEXIA AFFECTED HERE
       • PERIPHERAL DYSLEXIA AFFECTED HERE