Migration

Migration

1. Rural- Urban China

   • by 2009 11% of total population rural to urban migrants
   • earn one year salary in one month rural to urban migrants
   • 2001- 2010 migration 20% to economic growth
   • Future
     • 250m rural residents to newly constructed towns next 12 years
     • goal to integrate 70% of pop into city by 2025
   • most migrants poorly paid and housed with few rightsf
     • mass protests mean government can no longer take workers for granted
   • Migrant Perspective
     • easy to find work in city
     • migrants not able to see children
       • reduce pressure on services
     • most can't afford insurance
     • see parents once a year
     • more pressure in city compared to country
     • see parents once a year

2. Peru

   • 5% made up of fertile land
   • 40% thick rainforest
   • 70% of industry offers migrants with prospects of employment and reasonable wage
   • Life expectancy 10 years longer in urban areas
   • 20% fewer patients per doctor in Lima
   • increased average income of 50 to 2,500 soles
   • rural populations forced out by foresting and mining companies

3. forced migration Syria

   • since 23 April 2016 UN 400,000 killed
   • 6.5 million internally displaced, 3 million fled to countries such as Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey
   • 70% of refugees hosted in local communities

4. Causes of migration

   • Voluntary
     • Macro-Level
       • Socio-economic differences at the national scale
       • links to capitalist and colonialist societies
       • fails to explain why individuals migrate
       • fails to explain why not all form of migration occur in the direction of economic core regions
     • Meso
       • more detailed consideration of the factors at the origin and destination
       • push and pull factors
       • economic reason dominates decision to leave countryside
     • Micro
       • Meso and Macro view migration as a passive response to a variety if stimuli
         • tend to view rural source areas as an undifferentiated entity
       • incorperates the importance of established links between rural and urban communitites
       • results in chain migration
   • Forced
     • war causes
       • new forms of warfare
       • spread of light weapons at low prices
       • mass evictions and eexpulsions
     • 42 mil displaced in 2009 largest in Africa/ Pacific
     • Natural Disasters
       • desertification
       • Aral Sea drying up
         • 100000 left area since 1992
       • Famine
       • drought
     • political instability

5. Impacts

   • Internal
     • socio-economic
       • remittances
         • 60% of volume of total foreign investment flows
         • capital flows fell on average by 14.8%, remittances increased by 6%
         • remittances from the US alone topped $110.8bn in 2011
         • 80% of the size of global aid flows
         • Adepoju and Mbugua 1997 note a that migrants often remit up to 60% of their incomes
       • destination
         • most migrants are dynamic young adults
         • provide the foundation for industrialisation and other forms of economic development
         • newcomers can put a burden on over-stretched urban amenities and services
       • origin
         • traditional view
           • remittances
           • newly acquired skills
           • promotes development
         • rich and poor divide within rural settlements/ Indian Village Studies Programme
           • rich get richer/ poor get poorer
           • aleviates poverty but increases poverty
         • families gradually turn into non-farmers resulting in fall in agricultural production
     • political
       • lower political representation in depopulated
       • in migration larger political voice
       • changing ethnic composition
     • enviornmental
       • deforestation
       • water demand
       • landfill
       • pollution
   • international
     • 1/35 people live outside their country of birth
     • more female migrants
     • Socio-economic
       • international remittances totalled $397 bil in 2008
       • drastic increase in international remittances in last 30 years
       • positive multiplier effect
     • political
       • immigrants more likely to vote for left and centre
       • influence of migrants of laws created
       • strong migrant social groups produce their own politicians