Libs 7002 mid term review lecture 1

Libs 7002 mid term review lecture 1

1. Metaphysics

   • Beyond physics: study of ultimate reality
     • Free will, causality, nature of matter etc

2. Epistomology

   • Theory of knowledge

3. Political Philosophy

   • Collective life, political institutions, social practices

4. Aesthetics

   • Philosophy of beauty and taste

5. Ethics

   • Moral Concepts
     • Right and Wrong
   • Moral principles and theories
   • Arguments
     • Reasons (premises) that lead to conclusion
       • Issue: Question that is answer to.
       • Conclusion: Main thing person wants to believe
       • Looks like duck, sounds like duck, it must be duck
         • Issue: Is it a duck?
         • Conclusion: It must be a duck
       • To say Beatles are greatest of all time is to say they are greater than mozart. Preprosterous, therefore beatles are not greatest of all time
         • Issue: Are the beatles the greatest of all time?
         • Conclusion: They are not the greatest of all time
     • Deductive argument: premises provide guarantee of truth to conclusion
       • If all premises are true then the conclusion must be true
         • All cats are mammals, my pet is a cat
           • Conclusion: my pet is a mammal
       • Validity of argument
         • If it is impossible for premises to be true and conclusion false
           • Argument is valid
             • All students have rich parents
               • Peter is a student
                 • Therefore, peter has rich parents
                   • Premises can be false (peter can have poor parents), but still valid argument
         • If it is possible for premise to be true and conclusion false
           • Argument is invalid
             • All premises may be true, but false conclusion
               • All communists are opposed to capitalism
                 • Jones is opposed to capitalism
                   • Therefore Jones is a communist
                     • Fact: Jones is a anarchist
         • Sound arguments
           • Premises are true, and argument is valid
           • Modus Ponens (affirming antecedent)
             • If P, then Q
               • P
                 • Therefore, Q
                   • All A are B, X is A Therefore X is B
             • Modus Tollens (Deny consequent)
               • If P, then Q
                 • Not Q
                   • Therefore, not P
                     • All A are B, X is not B Therefore X is not A
               • Disjunctive Syllogism
                 • Either P or Q
                   • Not P
                     • Therefore Q
                 • Hypothetical Syllogism
                   • If P, Then Q
                     • If Q, then R
                       • Therefore if P, then R
                   • Value Claim
                     • Claim about the worth of something
                       • The painting is beautiful
                         • Positive claim
                         • Thats not a good argument
                           • Negative claim
                     • Value Judgement: Judgements made with respect to goodness or rightness
                       • Value Object
                         • Something being judged/evaluated
                           • Lying is wrong
                             • Object: lying
                             • Term: Wrong
                       • Value Term
                         • Indicates worth of value object
                     • Empirical claim
                       • A claim determined by experience
                         • Molecular structure of water is H2O
                     • Conceptual Claim
                       • Claim can be determine by analyzing the words
                         • Triangles have 3 sides
     • Inductive Argument
       • Premises intend to provide support for probable truth of conclusion
         • Most Greeks like fish
           • Socrates was Greek
             • Therefore, Socrates likes fish
         • Weak inductive argument Premise is true but provide little support for conclusion
           • Doctors will see 100 flu sufferers this year
             • Doctors has treated 1 patient with antibiotics this year
               • Therefore, doctors will treat all flu patients with antibiotics this year
         • Strong Inductive argument Premise is true, conclusion is likely true
           • Doctors will see 100 flu sufferers this year
             • Doctors has treated 99 flu sufferers this year with antibiotics
               • Therefore, doctors will treat all patients with antibiotics this year
   • Standard Form
     • Premise first and then Conclusion
       • I believe ghosts exists because I hear strange sounds late at night coming from my room
         • Premise: I hear strange sounds late at night
           • Conclusion: Ghosts exists
       • Implicit premise
         • premise must be added to draw conclusion
           • All mammals are warm blooded, so whales are warm blooded.
             • Implied premise: All whales are mammals
               • Therefore, all whales are warm blooded
           • A computer cannot delibrately break the rules. We should see then a computer cannot cheat
             • Implied premise: Those who cheat, delibrately break the rules
               • Conclusion: A computer cannot cheat