Individual differences in l2 users and l2 learners

Individual differences in l2 users and l2 learners

1. children

   • learn
     • l1 naturally
       • through
         • intimate situation with their family

2. school learner

   • learn l2 formally
     • through
       • social situation in the classroom

3. age

   • children are better at learning l2 than adults
     • because
       • physical factors
         • such as
           • plasticity in the brain
           • lateralization of the brain
       • social factors
         • such as
           • different situations and relationships
       • cognitive explanattions
         • such as
           • natural language learning
             • means
               • adult abstract mode of thinking

4. motivation for l2 learning

   • is
     • the reason to some l2 learners doing better than others
       • according to
         • Lambert
           • makes
             • an importan distinction
               • between
                 • additive bilingualism
                   • adds
                     • to the learners capabilities
                 • sustractive bilingualism
                   • takes away
                     • from the learners capabilities
           • mention
             • the best way to release the potential of bilingualism
               • is
                 • transform substractive experiences
                   • with
                     • bilingualism and biculturalism
                       • in
                         • additivite ones
   • motivationn and teaching
     • occurs
       • in l2 learning use
         • refers
           • long term stable attitudes
             • depending
               • on real contact in culturall situation

5. Attitudes

   • Berry
     • says
       • According with aculturation model
         • include
           • changing people attitudes toward other cultures
           • using l2 effectively
         • influenced
           • by 4 characteristics
             • integratiom
               • is
                 • a multilingual state
                   • where
                     • the language exists a long side in harmony
             • separation
               • is
                 • when
                   • laanguages are spoken in physically separate regionss
             • assimilation
               • results
                 • in the eventual dying out of l1
             • marginalization
               • corresponds to
                 • Lambert´s substractive bilingualism

6. cognitive style

   • refers to
     • technical psychological distinction of tipical ways of thinking

7. Intelligence

   • links
     • betweeen intelligence and aptitude in classroom

8. Aptitude

   • means
     • ability to learn LL2 in academic situatin
   • according
     • to
       • krashen
         • mention
           • attitude
             • important
               • to informal situations
           • aptitude
             • important
               • to formal situations
       • Peter Skehan
         • break down
           • in to
             • different factors
               • such as
                 • phonemic coding ability
                   • allows
                     • to the student process input more readily
                       • to
                         • get more complex areas of procesing more easily
                 • language analytic ability
                   • allows
                     • the student to works out the rules of the language
                 • memory
                   • permits
                     • store and retrieve aspects of languaage rapidly
   • exists
     • the modern language aptitude
       • incorporates
         • 4 factors
           • to predict succes in classrrom
             • phonemic codings ability
               • student use phonetic script
                 • to distinguish
                   • phonemess in language
             • grammatical sensitivity
               • s.s pick out grammatical functions in sentences
             • rote learning
               • remember vocabullary list of foreing words
             • inductive language learn ability