HIV

HIV

1. HIV structure

   • +ssRNA virus, enveloped
   • envelope glycoproteins
     • gp120
     • gp41

2. HIV replication

   • 1. attachment
     • 2. penetration & uncoating
       • 3. synthesis of viral genomes and proteins
         • 4. assembly of new virions
           • 5. virion release and maturation

3. HIV risk factors

   • People with sexually transmitted infections
   • Sharing needles
   • Unprotected sex
   • Blood transfusion

4. HIV tropism

   • cell tropism to CD4 cells
     • M-tropic: in macrophages
       • T-tropic: in T cells
         • Dual-tropic: in both

5. HIV infection stages

   • Stage 1: acute HIV infection
     • Stage 2: chronic HIV infection
       • Stage 3: AIDS
         • most severe
       • asymptomatic (latency), low HIV levels
     • high levels of HIV in the blood, flu-like symptoms
   • can be tested via

6. HIV types and strains

   • type: HIV-1
     • most common, higher viral load
     • has many strains due to high mutation rate
       • they cause resistance to drugs
   • type: HIV-2
     • harder to transmit, less responsive to NNRTIs and enfuvirtide, develop slowly, lower mortality rate

7. ELISA test

   • serology test used for HIV detection

8. HIV symptoms

9. Antiretroviral drugs

   • Protease inhibitors
     • Integrase inhibitors
       • Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
         • Entry inhibitors
           • enfuvirtide (fusion inhibitor) maraviroc (docking inhibitor)
         • NRTIs
           • compete with nucleosides/nucleotides
         • NNRTIs
           • denature the RT enzyme

10. HIV management and prevention

    • Use condoms, get tested, be monogamous, limit the number of sexual partners, do not abuse alcohol or drugs.

11. Adaptation of HIV

    • Internal resources
      • strong self-esteem, optimism of the future
    • External resources
      • medical care and social services

12. HIV stigma

    • people's negative attitudes toward HIV patients

13. Complications of HIV

    • Candidiasis
    • Cytomegalovirus
    • Kaposi's sarcoma
    • Lymphoma
    • Syndrome of wasting

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