Anatomy

Anatomy

1. Skeletal system

   • Which function include
     • Structural support
     • Protection
     • Growth center for cells
     • Reservoir of minerals
       • Calcium
         • Binds onto
           • troponin
             • which is on
               • Actin
             • stops the inhibition of
               • Tropomyosin
                 • allowing
     • Movement
   • is divided into
     • different types
       • such as
         • Long bones
           • Example
         • Irregular
         • flat bones
         • Short bones
     • Axial
     • Appendicular
   • points at which bones connect are
     • Joints
       • displacement of bone
         • Dislocation
       • Three types are
         • Cartiligenous joints
           • example
         • Synovial joints
           • Examples of types include
             • Pivot joints
               • For example, between
                 • Atlas
                 • Axis
                   • part of
                     • The vertebral column
             • Hinge joints
               • For example
                 • Elbow
             • Gliding
               • For example
                 • Between tarpals and carpals
                   • Bone involved are examples of
                     • Short bones
             • Saddle
               • For example
                 • Carpo-metacarpal articulation of the thumb
         • Fibrous joints
   • Has a total of
     • 206 bones
       • Formed through
         • Ossification
           • has two forms
             • Compact bone
               • Begins as
                 • Cartilage
             • Cancellous bone
               • Begins as
                 • Fibrous membranes
           • Part of the
             • Bone remodeling cycle

2. Muscular system

   • Works with
     • The nervous system
       • Consists of
         • Central nervous system
           • Comprises of the
             • Brain
               • Protected by the
                 • Skull
                   • Made up of
                     • Zygomatic bone
                     • Maxilla
                     • Mandible
                     • Nasal bone
                     • Temporal bone
                     • Parietal bone
                     • Frontal bone
                     • Occipital bone
             • Spinal cord
               • Protected by the
                 • The vertebral column
                   • Made up of
                     • Cervical vertebrae
                     • Lumbar vertebrae
                     • Thoracic vertebrae
                     • Sacrum
                     • Coccyx
         • Peripheral nervous system
           • Divided into
             • Somatic nervous system
               • Sends signals to the
                 • Skeletal muscles
                   • Referred to as
                     • Striated
             • Autonomic nervous system
               • Regulates the
                 • Smooth muscles
                   • Surrounds
                     • Organs
                 • Cardiac muscles
                   • Found at the
                     • Heart
                       • Which is an
                         • Organ(s)
                           • Protected by
                             • Axial skeleton
       • Transmit signals through
         • Neurons
           • types
             • Afferent neuron
             • Efferent neuron
               • Part of the
               • Sends signals to the
             • Interneuron
               • Parts of the
                 • Reflex arc
                   • also includes
                     • Receptor
                     • Effector
           • responsible for stimulating
             • muscle fibres
               • along with
                 • motor neurons
                   • form
                     • A motor unit
                       • complies to
                         • All or none principle
                 • Axon
               • Point where nerves transmit signal
                 • Neuromuscular junction
                   • is where
                     • Acetylcholine is released
                       • signalling the muscle through
                         • Tubular membranes
                           • change takes place in
                             • Electrical properties
                               • causing rapid release of
                                 • Calcium
   • Types of muscles include
     • Smooth muscles
     • Cardiac muscles
     • Skeletal muscles
   • Involves
     • Muscle contractions
       • Achieved through the mechanism known as
         • Sliding fillament theory
           • • Responsible for
               • Sarcomere to contract
                 • Requires
                   • ATP
                   • Calcium
                     • helps prevent
                       • Osteoporosis
                         • people who are likely to develop are
                           • Old
                             • also vulnerable to
                               • Osteoarthritis
                                 • Caused by
                                   • pain and stiffness
                                     • develop
                                       • Joints
                                         • reinforced by
                                           • Intrinsic ligaments
                                           • Extrinsic ligaments
                                             • are torn during
                                               • Seperation
                                                 • caused by
                           • Women
                         • recommended measures
                           • Weightlifting
                             • happens during
                             • Causes
                               • Delayed onset muscle soreness
                                 • Causes the most
                             • Which can herniate
                               • Inter-vertebral disc
                                 • lies between
                                   • The vertebral column
                                 • example
                         • Increased susceptability to break
                           • Neck of femur
                             • example of an
                               • Injury
                                 • caused by
                                   • Dislocation
                                 • example include
                                   • Rotator cuff tears
                                     • involving
                                       • Supraspinatus
                                         • insert on
                                           • Greater tubercle
                                             • on the
                                               • Humerus
                                                 • Example of
                                         • all originate on landmarks of the
                                       • Infraspinatus
                                       • Teres minor
                                       • Subscapularis
                                         • insert on
                                           • Lesser tubercle
                                             • on the
                                   • Fractures
                                     • Types are
                                       • Stress fractures
                                       • simple fractures
                                       • Compound fractures
                                   • Inversion sprains
                                     • Damages
                                       • Anterior talofibular ligament
                                       • Calcaneofibular ligament
                                 • Can be reduced by
                                   • Proper warm up
                                   • Proper form
                                 • caused by
                                   • Excessive use
                                     • Examples
                                       • Muscle strains
                                       • Muscle tears
                                       • Tendonitis
                                 • Diagnosed by
                                   • Swelling
                                   • Heat
                                   • Altered
                                   • Redness
                                   • Pain
                                 • Treatment
                                   • Rest
                                   • Ice
                                   • Compression
                                   • Elevation
                     • released by
                       • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
                 • Example is
                   • Flexion of elbow
                     • Function of
                       • Biceps brachii
                         • is the antagonist muscle of
                           • Triceps brachii
                             • extend the
                               • Elbow
                   • Extension of elbow
                     • Function of
                       • Triceps brachii
                 • happens during
                 • During muscle lengthening is known as
                   • Eccentric contraction
                     • causes the most
           • Involving
             • Actin
   • muscles are named by
     • Action
       • example
         • flexion
           • muscle
             • flexor carpi ulnaris
         • extension
           • muscle
             • extensor carpi ulnaris
     • Direction of fibres
       • example
         • along the transverse plane
           • muscle
             • Transversus abdominus
     • Location of muscle
       • example
         • Anterior
           • muscle
             • Tibialis anterior
         • Posterior
           • muscle
             • Tibialis posterior
     • Number of division/heads
       • Example
         • Two heads
           • muscle
             • Biceps femoris
     • Shape of muscle
       • example
         • Triangle
           • muscle
             • Deltoid
         • Rhombus
           • muscle
             • Rhomboid major
             • Rhomboid minor
     • muscles point of attachments
       • example
         • Sternum, clavicle, mastoid process
           • muscle
             • Sternocleidomastoid

3. Standard position is

   • The anatomical position
     • Is when
       • Body is upright
         • Also known as when
           • Spine is extended
             • Which is the function of
               • The erector spinae group
                 • Which consists of
                   • Spinalis
                   • Longissimus
                     • also inserts on
                       • The mastoid process
                         • on the
                           • Skull
                             • all of which are part of the
                             • Consisting of
                               • flat bones
                               • fibrous joints
                   • Iliocostalis
                     • Which originate and insert on
                       • The vertebral column
                         • part of the
                           • Axial skeleton
                         • is an example of
                           • Irregular bones
                     • also originates on
                       • Sacrum
                         • part of the
                       • Ribs
                         • part of the
                 • is the antagonist muscle of
                   • Rectus abdominis
                     • responsible for
                       • Trunk flexion
                     • Originates
                       • Pubic crest
                       • Symphasis pubis
                     • Inserts
                       • Xiphoid process
                         • Which is part of the
                           • Sternum
                       • Inferior ribs
       • Arm is suppinated
         • Which is the function of
           • • Which originates on
               • Corocoid process
               • Supraglenoid tubercle
                 • Which are landmarks of the
                   • Scapula
                     • Which is an example of
                       • Irregular bones
                     • part of the
                       • Appendicular skeleton
             • Another function is
               • Flexion
                 • of
                   • Elbow

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