Edexcel Biology B1 Mindmap Pt 1

Edexcel Biology B1 Mindmap Pt 1

1. Classification and naming species

   • Classification
     • Classification = shared characteristics
       • Characteristics can be:
         • Unique
           • Feathers
         • Shared
           • Backbone
   • Vertebrates
     • Phylum Chordata
       • Backbone(supportive rod)
     • Fish
       • Gills ; Oviparous ; Exteranal ; Cold-blooded
     • Amphibians
       • Moist skin + Lungs ; Oviparous ; External : Cold-blooded
     • Reptiles
       • Lungs ; Oviparous ; Internal ; Cold-blooded
     • Birds
       • Lungs ; Oviparous ; Internal ; Feathers ; Warm-Blooded
     • Mammals
       • Lungs ; Vivaparous ; Internal ; Warm-Blooded
     • Types of heat control
       • Cold-blooded = Poikilotherm
       • Warm-blooded = Homeotherm
     • Types of reproduction
       • Internal = Sexual intercourse
       • External = Release sperm on eggs
     • Types of offspring
       • Vivaparous = Live young
       • Oviparous = eggs
   • Kingdoms
     • All living organims belong to these kingdoms
       • Animalia
         • Multicelluar ; No chlorophyll ; No cell wall ; Heterotrophic
       • Plantae
         • Multicelluar ; Chlorophyll ; Celluose cell wall ; Autotrophic
       • Fungi
         • Multicelluar ; Non-Celluose cell wall ; Saprotrophic
       • Protocista
         • Mostly unicelluar ; nucleus
       • Prokaryotes
         • Unicelluar ; No nucleus
     • Virus cannot be classified by scientists in any of the kingdoms because it doesent show any sign of life
       • M R s . G R E N
   • Species + Bionomial classification
     • Species are defined as a group of organims which have the same characteristics(with variation) which are capable of breeding together to produce fertile offspring
       • The offspring of two different species is considered a hybrid.
         • Usually infertile
       • Complications with the definiiton of species are present
         • Not all hybrids are infertile
         • Not all organisms produce sexually with other members
           • They could produce asexually
     • All organisms have a two-part(bionomial) name.
       • This system prevents confusion over having so many different names for the same species
       • Latin, so people over the world could communicate.
       • Helps to recognise areas of great biodiversity that should be targets for conservation efforts
         • Biodiversity = the variation of species in an area

2. Identificatiion, variation and adaptation

   • Key
     • Opposite statments with usually a boolean answer, unless there is more than 2 answers aviable
   • Members of the same species have different characteristics. Fore xample, humans vary in hair colour or height. This is called variation
     • There are two types of variation. Continuous or Discontinuous
       • In continuos variation, characteristics are spread over a range of values.
         • Height in humans is an example
         • There is a full range of 'in-betweens' (intermediates)
       • In discontinuos variation, there are no intermediates, but rather groups (categories).
         • Such as whether a person can tounge-roll or not
   • Variation such as seen in hybrid duks make classification complicated because the characteristics shown can look like a complete different species.
   • Ring species refer to a chain of related species that are closely connected geagraphically.
   • Adaptations are the characteristics of an organism that enable it to survive
     • Animals living in cold regions are usually larger than those living in warmer environments
       • Large bodies have a smaller surface area relative to their mass than smaller ones. Heat is lost from the body at its surface, so if a body is larger, it loses less heat.
     • Some species of bacteria have adapted in order to live in the extreme environments around deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where temperatures can reach up to more than 90 degrees C
       • Adaptation of these bacteria allow them to use a chemical produced by the vents to produce energy
         • Hydrogen sulfide

Imagens e arquivos do mapa