Comparing and Contrasting L1 vs L2

Comparing and Contrasting L1 vs L2

1. Three developmental stages

   • Silent period
     • stage of incomprehension for Gibbons (1985, cited in Ellis, 1994
   • Formulaic speech
     •  routines, patters, scripts such as greetings
   • Structural and Semantic simplification
     • omitting grammatical functors (e.g. articles, auxiliary verbs) omitting content words (e. g. nouns, verbs).

2. Acquisition Order

   • articles or inflectional features

3. Linguistic Universals and Markedness

   • Typological universals
     • cross-linguistic comparisons
   • The generative school
     • underlie and govern specific rules

4. Input

   • "language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn” receive comprehensible input to acquire language. Interaction and verbal interaction are important 

5. Behavioristic Views of Language Acquisition

   • Behavioristic Approach environmentally determined,  fails to account for the creative language use of L1 and L2 learners.

6. Zone of Proximal Development

   •  assistant performance and collaboration are crucial for learning and development.

7. Acquisition/Learning

   •  informal, implicit learning. 

8. The Critical Period Hypothesis

   • "a biologically determined period of life when language can be acquired more easily and beyond which time language is increasingly difficult to acquire” 
   • Neurological Considerations
     • lateralization in the brain
   • Psychomotor Consideration
     •  native-like pronunciation
   • Affective Considerations
     • Inhibitions person builds in order to protect his or her ego Attitudes races, cultures, ethnic groups, and langua

9. Fossilization

   •  fossilization are suggested to be age,lack of desire to articulate, communicative pressure, lack of learning opportunity, and the nature of the feedback on learners' use of L2  

10. Natural Contexts

    • Educational Contexts  Natural Contexts

11. L2 teachers haver to combine theoretical knowledge + their teaching situation