Blood

Blood

1. General Composition

   • 44% Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (RBC's)
   • Buffy Coat <1% of blood sample
     • Composed of leukocytes or white blood cells (WBC's) and Platelets
       • Formed elements
         • Erythrocytes
           • Leukocytes
             • Platelets
               • less than 1/4 size of RBC
                 • fragment of megakaryocytes carried in blood stream
                   • they live 8-10 days
               • continuously produced in red bone marrow
               • fibrinogin
                 • Works to form clots throughout body, for small and large traumas
             • 1.5-3 .times larger than RBC
               • life span 12 hours to years
                 • immunity and defense against antigens
             • Granulocytes
               • neutrophils
                 • multilobed nucleus
                   • phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
                     • 50-70% of leukocytes
                 • distinct granules when stained
               • Eiosinophils
                 • bilobed nucleus
                   • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
                     • releases chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms
                       • reddish or pink-orange granules when stained
               • Basophils
                 • bilobed nucleus
                   • release histamine and heparin
                     • deep blue-violet stained granules
             • Agranulocytes
               • Lymphocytes
                 • round or sightly indented nucleus
                   • attack pathogens and abnormalities
                     • coordinate immune activity in cells
                       • produces antibodies
                         • nucleus darkly stains
               • Monocytes
                 • C or kidney shaped nucleus
                   • can become macrophages
                     • phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead cells
                   • nucleus is pale staining
           • Not actually a cell
             • bioconcave disc that transports o2 and CO2
               • squishy to pass through smallest blood vessels
   • Plasma 55% of blood sample
     • Transportation
       • Plasma transports hormones, nutrients, and some waste products
       • RBC's transport O2 and carbon dioxide
         • Transport o2 and Co2
           • lives 120 days
             • M: 4.8mil, F: 5.4mil

2. Functions

   • Regulation
     • Blood regulates body temp, pH level and fluid levels
       • Absorbs and distributes heat
       • plasma maintains pH balance with ions and other compounds
       • fluid levels maintained with a constant fluid exchange within bloodstream and interstitial fluid
   • Protection
     • WBC's guard against infections agents
     • Platelets protect against blood loss by clotting
   • Regulation

3. PLASMA

   • Serum, complex mixture of water, proteins and other solutes
   • Plasma Proteins
     • Albumin
       • 58% Of plasma protein
         • regulates water movement in blood and interstitial fluid
   • Globulins
     • Account for 37% of blood sample
     • Alpha and Beta- carry lipids and metal ions
     • Gamma-globulins, antibodies that stop pathogens
   • Fibrinogen 4% of blood sample
     • Helps with clotting
   • <1% of blood sample regulatory proteins

4. WATER

   • 92% of Plasma
     • PLASMA

5. BLOOD TYPES

   • TYPE A
     • A antigens anti-B Antibodies
   • TYPE B
     • B antigens with anti-A Antibodies
   • TYPE AB
     • neither A or B antibodies
       • both A and B surface antigens
   • TYPE O
     • both A and B antibodies
       • neither A nor B antigens
   • RH bloodtypes
     • Rh posive
       • D surface antigens, plasma with no D antibodies
     • Rh negative
       • No D surface antigens
         • D antibodies after exposure to Rh positive blood

6. Hemopoiesis

   • production of formed elements
     • hemocytoblasts
       • pluripotent
         • can develop into many different types of cells
       • Myeloid line
         • forms erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except lymphocytes
           • RBC's, WBC's, Platelets
       • lymphoid line
         • forms lymphocytes
           • B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte