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Must

Could

Should

may

Necessity / ObligationProhibition

I must go to the supermarket today, You must be tired. advice, You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

You mustn't work on dad's computer.

ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) I could speak English. permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)

polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please? polite request

polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?

used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

should recommendation, advisability, should obligation, should expectation

Should is also used with the meaning ought to

You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

possibility It may rain today. permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) May I go to the cinema? polite suggestion May I help you?

You may not work on dad's computer.