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crossing over during prophase 1 to shuffle alleles
genetic reassortment due to the random distribution and subsequent segregation of the maternal and paternal chromosomes in the homologous pairs during meiosis 1
genetic reasortment due to the random distribution and segregation of the sister chromatids at meiosis 2
alignment of chromatids is random
during fertilization haploid gametes fuse randomly- each gamete has a different genetic make up
DNA mutation may occur during replication in interphase- chromosome mutations can occur- if mutation in sperm or egg the mutated gene will be present in every cell of the offspring
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