Chemistry Chapters 1 and 2

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Chemistry- physical sciences; the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany them

Central Science- all other sciences require basic chemistry

Branches of Chemistry

Organic- carbon-containing compounds

Inorganic- nonorganic substances

Physical- properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy

Analytical- identification of components and composition of materials

Biochemistry- the study of substances and processes occurring in living things

Theoretical- use of mathematics to understand the principles behind chemical behavior

Environmental- the study of matter and the environment

Industrial- the study of chemical processes in industry

Polymer- the study of polymers

Thermochemistry- study of heat involved in chemical processes

Top 8 Chemicals Made in the US

Sulfuric Acid- fertilizer, metal processing, petroleum refining

Ethene- plastics, fruit ripening

Propylene- plastics

Ammonia- fertilizers, refrigeration

Chlorine- bleaching, water purifying, disinfectant

Phosphoric Acid- fertilizers, flavoring, rustproofing

Sodium Hydroxide- petroleum refining, plastics

Dichloroethene- solvent (rubber)

Chemistry- explain properties and transformation of matter

atoms- tiny particles substances are composed of

molecules- combinations of different atoms

matter- anything that has mass and occupies space

chemical reactions- transformations that alter the chemical composition of a substance

Quantitative v. Qualitative Data

Quantitative- numbers

Qualitative- description

Steps of the Scientific Method

State the Problem

Research the Problem

Form a Hypothesis

Perform an Experiment

Record + Analyze Data

Draw Conclusion

Replicate Work

Law v. Theory

law- statement that expresses generally observed behavior

what happens

mathematical equation

generally simple

Theory- an explanation of a natural phenomenon based on many observations and investigations over time

why it happens