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Control of Mental Processes

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Bangor University
Em AB
Quiz por Em AB, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Em AB
Criado por Em AB aproximadamente 6 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
According to Norman and Shallice Schema Control Units,
Responda
  • Are linked by excitatory connections
  • Represent competing responses
  • Are used for executive functions
  • Represent units in the primary visual cortex

Questão 2

Questão
The "Cartesian Theatre" was a term coined by Daniel Dennet to criticise the explanation of,
Responda
  • Self-motivation in goal directed behaviour
  • Consciousness in psychology of vision
  • Free-will in religion
  • Social responsibility in Social Psychology

Questão 3

Questão
In Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) the homunculus can be seen as directly responsible for,
Responda
  • Attention
  • Binding
  • Task Shifting
  • Forgetting

Questão 4

Questão
According to libertarian accounts, the fact that a person often makes choices proves,
Responda
  • nothing about whether a person has free-will
  • the physical motivations do not control the will
  • that the person has no physical motivations
  • that the person has free-will

Questão 5

Questão
A person who has little planning ability is likely to,
Responda
  • start late
  • finish late
  • get up late
  • go to bed late

Questão 6

Questão
In Shiffrin & Schneider (1977)
Responda
  • rehearsal is used for consolidation of long-term memory
  • controlled processes are effortful
  • sensory memory precedes short-term memory
  • controlled processes follow consistent practice

Questão 7

Questão
An automatic process is generally understood to be,
Responda
  • conscious
  • inconsistent
  • rapid
  • reflexive

Questão 8

Questão
According to neurocognitive models depicting the dorsal and the ventral streams, the latter
Responda
  • underlies automatic visuomotor performance
  • underlies controlled visuomotor performance
  • has further projections onto the prefrontal cortex
  • has further projections onto the limbic system

Questão 9

Questão
In visual search tasks, a steep slope relating Reaction Times and distractor set size would be expected when searching for
Responda
  • an E among Fs
  • a blue letter among red ones
  • an O among Xs
  • A small letter among big ones

Questão 10

Questão
Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Erikson & Donchin (1988), demonstrated that irrelevant and never executed responses can activate up the,
Responda
  • primary visual area
  • temporal cortex
  • primary motor cortex
  • prefrontal cortex

Questão 11

Questão
Contention Scheduling is, for Norman and Shallice (1986)
Responda
  • a mechanism to resolve competition
  • a mechanism to exert goal-directed control
  • a property of the perceptual system
  • a property of the supervisory attentional system

Questão 12

Questão
Automatic Processes are important to,
Responda
  • prevent errors
  • plan actions
  • improve speed
  • deal with difficulties

Questão 13

Questão
A person who has difficulties getting washed and dressed in the morning, despite being able to do so when prompted, is likely to present a problem with
Responda
  • set shifting
  • inhibition
  • action initiation
  • self-evaluation

Questão 14

Questão
Descartes agreed with Plato on the understanding that the mind (or soul),
Responda
  • lives in the world of ideas
  • influenced by the body
  • is not limited by the body
  • was located in the Pineal Gland

Questão 15

Questão
A person spends hours playing games on the mobile phone. Which of the executive functions is the least likely to be affected?
Responda
  • inhibition
  • set-shifting
  • action initiation
  • self-evaluation

Questão 16

Questão
Which syndrome is unlikely to display anosognosia?
Responda
  • schizophrenia
  • alzheimer
  • OCD
  • Huntington

Questão 17

Questão
What would be a good test of Action Initiation
Responda
  • Verbal Fluency
  • Tower of London
  • Task Switching
  • Go, No-Go

Questão 18

Questão
Action Initiation is mostly mediated by,
Responda
  • Orbitofrontal Cortex
  • Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Motor Cortex

Questão 19

Questão
Dopamine is mainly involved in,
Responda
  • mood
  • reward
  • memory
  • perception

Questão 20

Questão
Bradyphrenia is the term referring to a common condition following neurological damage where the patient demonstrates
Responda
  • inability to stop an action once initiated
  • inability to stop tics or repetitive movements
  • slow reactions to stimuli
  • slow generation of thoughts

Questão 21

Questão
A person who tends to tell the end of the joke before the introduction is likely to have problems with
Responda
  • action initiation
  • goal activation
  • inhibition
  • set-shifting

Questão 22

Questão
For Besner, Stolz, and Boutilier (1997), the Stroop effect was eliminated by,
Responda
  • Increasing the amount of practice
  • reducing the size of the target letter
  • colouring only one letter in the word
  • chaining the position of the letters

Questão 23

Questão
Haynes, Sakai, Rees, Gilbert, Frith, & Passingham (2007) found specific activation of different task goals before they were even executed in which area of the prefrontal cortex?
Responda
  • Orbitofrontal
  • Inferiofrontal
  • Medial
  • Lateral

Questão 24

Questão
How would you measure of a patient has problems with goal activation
Responda
  • Verbal fluency
  • Tower of London
  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test
  • Go, No-Go

Questão 25

Questão
Hampshire, MacDonald & Owen (2013) found that retired American Football players showed under-activiaion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following which test?
Responda
  • Verbal Fluency
  • Tower of London
  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test
  • Go, No-Go

Questão 26

Questão
Damage to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to induce,
Responda
  • echolia
  • hyperflexia
  • low self-care
  • anxiety

Questão 27

Questão
In the stop-signal paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?
Responda
  • before the target
  • after the target
  • at the same time as the target
  • in these tasks there is no target

Questão 28

Questão
A person with goal activation problems will also demonstrate difficulties with,
Responda
  • inhibition
  • self-regulation
  • impulse control
  • action initiation

Questão 29

Questão
Aharoni et al (2013) could predict the chance of future rearrests for non-violent crimes by studying the activity of a particular brain area in the go no-go task. Which area are we referring to?
Responda
  • Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
  • Orbitofrontal Cortex
  • Medial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Questão 30

Questão
In Monchi et al's (2001) study, the authors tried to dissociate a number of processes using fMRI and the WCST. Which condition was used to measure set shifting?
Responda
  • Negative Feedback
  • Matching after negative feedback
  • Positive Feedback
  • Matching after positive feedback

Questão 31

Questão
In the alternating runs paradigm (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), the estimation of switch costs (switch minus repeat) does not measure differences in,
Responda
  • task set configuration
  • goal activation
  • rule maintenance
  • rule activation

Questão 32

Questão
In the Go-No Go task, the strongest response inhibition should be seen when participants successfully withhold responses in which condition?
Responda
  • 20% Go, 80% No-Go
  • 50% Go, 50% No-Go
  • 80% Go, 20% No-Go
  • 20% Go, 20% No-Go

Questão 33

Questão
The error related negativity component (ERN/Me) peaks approximately at 100ms,
Responda
  • after incorrect response activation
  • after target onset
  • before incorrect response activation
  • before the target onset

Questão 34

Questão
To which ability to we refer when evaluating and self-monitoring?
Responda
  • inhibit responses
  • inhibit impulses
  • detect when an error has been made
  • detect when the context is inappropriate

Questão 35

Questão
Awareness of an error can be measured by which ERP component?
Responda
  • P300
  • Ne
  • Pe
  • P200

Questão 36

Questão
During perseverations, participants are often,
Responda
  • not aware of the change in the rule
  • aware of the new rule that needs to be applied, but not able to switch
  • aware that they made a mistake, but unable to retrieve the new rule
  • not aware of the alternative rules

Questão 37

Questão
Monchi et al (2001) studied some process dissociations within the Winconsisn Card Sort Test using fMRI. Where did they find activation related to the processing of the cue to switch?
Responda
  • Left Posterior Parietal Cortex
  • Motor Cortex
  • Left Inferotemporal Cortex
  • Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Questão 38

Questão
Mixing Costs do not measure
Responda
  • vigilance
  • rule activation
  • working memory
  • planning

Questão 39

Questão
Impulses and Reflexes are similar in many of the aspects listed below. Choose the option that does not apply
Responda
  • They are automatic
  • They can be unconscious
  • They are driven by emotions
  • They are processed fast

Questão 40

Questão
For compatibilists accounts the relationship between free-will and determinism is,
Responda
  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is true
  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is false
  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is true
  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is false

Questão 41

Questão
Impulsive behaviours are characterised by prioritising
Responda
  • long-term goals over short-term goals
  • short-term goals over long-term goals
  • relieve over regret
  • reward over punishment

Questão 42

Questão
ADHD does not normally co-exist in the same patient with which of the following syndromes
Responda
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Depression
  • Antisocial Behaviour
  • Psychotic Behaviour

Questão 43

Questão
Increased levels of addiction gradually induce
Responda
  • an overactive ventrolateral cortex
  • an under-active orbitofrontal cortex
  • increased in dopamine
  • increases in GABA

Questão 44

Questão
Most of the actions driven by emotions are executed by a network of brain areas commonly knows at the "zombie brain". Which of the following brain areas is not part of it?
Responda
  • Thalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Hypothalamus

Questão 45

Questão
Utilisation behaviours related to which other syndrome?
Responda
  • Hyperkinesia
  • Tourette
  • Echolia
  • ADHD

Questão 46

Questão
Non-adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,
Responda
  • objects and no context
  • objects and context
  • context, but no objects
  • neither objects nor contexts; but memory contents

Questão 47

Questão
In which kind of lesion is a patient most prone to develop anosognosia
Responda
  • left hemisphere
  • right hemisphere
  • subcortical nuclei
  • amygdala

Questão 48

Questão
The error related positivity (Pe) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes
Responda
  • Frontopolar
  • Centroparietal
  • Frontocentral
  • Parietal

Questão 49

Questão
Which of the following test is the most appropriate to evaluate response inhibition (the non-emotional type)?
Responda
  • Wisconsin Card Sorting test
  • Go No-Go task
  • Task Switching
  • Iowa Gambling Task

Questão 50

Questão
From the following list, which of these executive functions is least likely to be modulated by Broca?
Responda
  • Response inhibition
  • Set Shifting
  • Action initiation
  • Self-Monitoring

Questão 51

Questão
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the positive feedback (cue to repeat)?
Responda
  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • left posterior prefrontal cortex
  • lateral premotor cortex
  • ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex

Questão 52

Questão
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after the negative feedback (switch)?
Responda
  • left posterior prefrontal cortex
  • right mid-dorsolateral PFC
  • Lateral premotor cortex
  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Questão 53

Questão
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after positive feedback (repeat)?
Responda
  • lateral premotor cortex
  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • left posterior prefrontal cortex
  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Questão 54

Questão
In the Go-No Go paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?
Responda
  • before the target
  • after the target
  • at the same time as the target
  • in these tasks there is no target

Questão 55

Questão
Adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,
Responda
  • objects and no context
  • object and context
  • context, but no objects
  • neither objects not contexts, but memory contents

Questão 56

Questão
The error related negativity (Ne) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes?
Responda
  • Fronto-polar
  • Centro-parietal
  • Front-central
  • Parietal

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