Quiz
Toxicology
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Perguntas do quiz (69)
1Toxicology:
- [blank_start]many[blank_end] substances potentially toxic to dogs + cats
- [blank_start]man made[blank_end] toxins [blank_start]implicated[blank_end] in the [blank_start]majority[blank_end] of cases
- dogs = [blank_start]scavenge[blank_end], eat rubbish
- cats = more [blank_start]fastidious[blank_end], coat [blank_start]contamination[blank_end], ingestion of [blank_start]poisoned[blank_end] [blank_start]prey[blank_end], specifically [blank_start]vulnerable[blank_end] to some compounds- Amany
- Bfew
- Cman made
- Dplant
- Eimplicated
- Fmajority
- Gscavenge
- Hfastidious
- Icontamination
- Jpoisoned
- Kprey
- Lvulnerable
2Considerations in formulating Toxicologic risk assessment:
1. the [blank_start]toxic[blank_end] [blank_start]substance[blank_end] + its [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] + physiologic characteristics such as [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] + [blank_start]formulation[blank_end]
2. characteristics of [blank_start]animal[blank_end] involved = [blank_start]species[blank_end], size, age, sex, [blank_start]physiologic[blank_end] condition
3. [blank_start]exposure[blank_end] characteristics = [blank_start]route[blank_end] + duration of exposure- Atoxic
- Bsubstance
- Cchemical
- Dconcentration
- Eformulation
- Fanimal
- Gexposure
- Hspecies
- Iphysiologic
- Jroute
3Routes of Intoxication:
- [blank_start]oral[blank_end] = most common, ingestion as food or [blank_start]grooming[blank_end]
- [blank_start]cutaneous[blank_end] or topical
- inhalation
- [blank_start]injection[blank_end]
- [blank_start]ocular[blank_end] (absorption through mucosa)- Aoral
- Bgrooming
- Ccutaneous
- Dinjection
- Eocular
4Steps to carry out when owner calls:
- take [blank_start]relevant[blank_end] [blank_start]history[blank_end] - [blank_start]what[blank_end]? when? are there [blank_start]clinical[blank_end] [blank_start]signs[blank_end]?
- [blank_start]prevent[blank_end] any [blank_start]further[blank_end] [blank_start]intoxication[blank_end]
- any action to be taken before coming to surgery?
= [blank_start]topical[blank_end] contamination recommend [blank_start]washing[blank_end]
= [blank_start]water only[blank_end] (watch [blank_start]temperature[blank_end])
= [blank_start]gloves[blank_end], waterproofs for owner
= remember we do not want topical exposure to become [blank_start]systemic[blank_end] by [blank_start]grooming[blank_end]
= if [blank_start]ingestion[blank_end] of caustic substance = encourage [blank_start]water[blank_end] [blank_start]consumption[blank_end]
- bring a [blank_start]sample[blank_end] of substance if available- Arelevant
- Bhistory
- Cwhat
- Dclinical
- Esigns
- Fprevent
- Gfurther
- Hintoxication
- Itopical
- Jwashing
- Kingestion
- Lwater
- Mconsumption
- Ntemperature
- Owater only
- Pgloves
- Qsystemic
- Rgrooming
- Ssample
5On admission to the hospital:
- [blank_start]assess[blank_end] for any [blank_start]immediate[blank_end] [blank_start]life[blank_end]-[blank_start]threatening[blank_end] [blank_start]signs[blank_end] which need [blank_start]emergency[blank_end] treatment
STEP 1 = [blank_start]stabilise[blank_end] patient
= [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] (airway patency/normal ventilation)
= [blank_start]cardiovascular[blank_end] (arrhythmia, shock, severe haemorrhage)
= [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] signs (seizures, convulsions)
= [blank_start]thermoregulation[blank_end] (hyper or hypothermia)
= severe [blank_start]electrolyte[blank_end] or [blank_start]acid[blank_end]-[blank_start]base[blank_end] derangement)- Aassess
- Bimmediate
- Clife
- Dthreatening
- Esigns
- Femergency
- Gstabilise
- Hrespiratory
- Icardiovascular
- JCNS
- Kthermoregulation
- Lelectrolyte
- Macid
- Nbase
6STEP 2 = obtain complete history:
- most toxicity cases [blank_start]acute[blank_end] + not always [blank_start]observed[blank_end]
- could animal be [blank_start]acutely[blank_end] [blank_start]unwell[blank_end] from [blank_start]natural[blank_end] [blank_start]disease[blank_end]?
- [blank_start]known[blank_end] [blank_start]toxin[blank_end] [blank_start]access[blank_end]
= [blank_start]time[blank_end] of exposure
= [blank_start]amount[blank_end] ingested
= read the [blank_start]label[blank_end]
- [blank_start]complete[blank_end] physical exam
- [blank_start]haematology[blank_end], serum [blank_start]biochemistry[blank_end], urinalysis (as [blank_start]indicated[blank_end])
*treat the [blank_start]patient[blank_end] not the [blank_start]poison[blank_end]*- Aacute
- Bobserved
- Cacutely
- Dunwell
- Enatural
- Fdisease
- Gknown
- Htoxin
- Iaccess
- Jtime
- Kamount
- Llabel
- Mcomplete
- Nhaematology
- Obiochemistry
- Pindicated
- Qpatient
- Rpoison
7Topical Exposure:
- [blank_start]wash[blank_end] + if necessary [blank_start]clip[blank_end] animal
- [blank_start]water[blank_end] +/- mild [blank_start]soap[blank_end] or [blank_start]detergent[blank_end]
= soap/detergent will [blank_start]increase[blank_end] [blank_start]absorption[blank_end] of some toxins
= [blank_start]vegetable[blank_end] [blank_start]oil[blank_end] for [blank_start]sticky[blank_end] substances
- ocular contamination
= [blank_start]irrigate[blank_end] eye with [blank_start]saline[blank_end] for [blank_start]20-30[blank_end] mins
= use [blank_start]tepid[blank_end] water if saline unavailable
= treat for [blank_start]ulceration[blank_end]- Awash
- Bclip
- Cwater
- Dsoap
- Edetergent
- Fincrease
- Gabsorption
- Hdecrease
- Ivegetable
- Joil
- Ksticky
- Lirrigate
- Msaline
- N20-30
- O5-10
- Ptepid
- Qulceration
8Ingestion:
- aim = [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] [blank_start]dose[blank_end] (STEP 3)
= prevent [blank_start]further[blank_end] absorption
= increase [blank_start]elimination[blank_end]
= [blank_start]bind[blank_end] [blank_start]toxin[blank_end] in [blank_start]inert[blank_end] form
- [blank_start]emesis[blank_end] = apomorphine in [blank_start]dogs[blank_end], xylazine in [blank_start]cats[blank_end]
- gastric [blank_start]lavage[blank_end]
- [blank_start]adsorbents[blank_end]- Adecrease
- Babsorbed
- Cdose
- Dincrease
- Efurther
- Felimination
- Gbind
- Htoxin
- Iinert
- Jemesis
- Kdogs
- Lcats
- Mlavage
- Nadsorbents
9Emesis:
- within [blank_start]3[blank_end] hours of [blank_start]ingestion[blank_end]
= as [blank_start]soon[blank_end] as [blank_start]possible[blank_end]
= up to [blank_start]6[blank_end] hrs for aspirin and [blank_start]12[blank_end] hrs for chocolate
- feeding [blank_start]small[blank_end] [blank_start]amount[blank_end] of [blank_start]food[blank_end] ([blank_start]soft[blank_end] or liquid) [blank_start]before[blank_end] emesis may help
Contraindications:
- animal has been [blank_start]vomiting[blank_end]
- [blank_start]absent[blank_end] [blank_start]gag[blank_end] reflex
- [blank_start]sedation[blank_end] or [blank_start]loss[blank_end] of [blank_start]consciousness[blank_end]
- [blank_start]seizuring[blank_end]
- ingestion of [blank_start]corrosive[blank_end] substance or [blank_start]volatile[blank_end] [blank_start]petroleum[blank_end] based product- A3
- B5
- C1
- Dingestion
- Esoon
- Fpossible
- G6
- H12
- Ismall
- Jamount
- Kfood
- Lsoft
- Mbefore
- Nafter
- Ovomiting
- Pabsent
- Qgag
- Rsedation
- Sloss
- Tconsciousness
- Useizuring
- Vcorrosive
- Wvolatile
- Xpetroleum
10Apomorphine:
- [blank_start]dogs[blank_end] only
- [blank_start]apomorphine[blank_end] [blank_start]hydrochloride[blank_end] often used in clinical setting to [blank_start]induce[blank_end] [blank_start]emesis[blank_end] in dogs - [blank_start]parenteral[blank_end] administration can result in [blank_start]protracted[blank_end] [blank_start]vomiting[blank_end]
- [blank_start]synthetic[blank_end] [blank_start]opiate[blank_end] that stimulates the [blank_start]dopamine[blank_end] [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] in the [blank_start]chemoreceptor[blank_end] [blank_start]trigger[blank_end] [blank_start]zone[blank_end] to cause emesis
- [blank_start]0.04mg/kg[blank_end] IV ([blank_start]rapid[blank_end] onset) or IM
- [blank_start]0.08mg/kg[blank_end] SC ([blank_start]slow[blank_end] onset)
- [blank_start]reverse[blank_end] with [blank_start]naloxone[blank_end] as necessary (reverses CNS + respiratory effects but not block emetic effect)
- can [blank_start]fragment[blank_end] of a tablet or parenteral formulation in [blank_start]conjunctival[blank_end] [blank_start]sac[blank_end] ([blank_start]0.25mg/kg[blank_end]) + [blank_start]flush[blank_end] [blank_start]copiously[blank_end] with [blank_start]saline[blank_end] following vomiting
- adverse effects may include [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] [blank_start]depression[blank_end] + protracted vomiting, CNS [blank_start]stimulation[blank_end] + respiratory + [blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] depression may be seen with [blank_start]excessive[blank_end] doses- Adogs
- Bcats
- Capomorphine
- Dhydrochloride
- Einduce
- Femesis
- Gparenteral
- Hprotracted
- Ivomiting
- Jsynthetic
- Kopiate
- Ldopamine
- Mreceptors
- Nchemoreceptor
- Otrigger
- Pzone
- Q0.04mg/kg
- Rrapid
- S0.08mg/kg
- Tslow
- Ureverse
- Vnaloxone
- Wfragment
- Xconjunctival
- Ysac
- Z0.25mg/kg
- AAflush
- ABcopiously
- ACsaline
- ADCNS
- AEdepression
- AFstimulation
- AGcardiac
- AHexcessive
11Other Antiemetics:
Xylazine = [blank_start]dogs + cats[blank_end]
= 0.2-0.44 mg/kg IM [blank_start]cats[blank_end]
= 1.1 mg/kg IM [blank_start]dogs[blank_end]
= [blank_start]reverse[blank_end] with [blank_start]atipamazole[blank_end]
= xylazine hydrochloride is a [blank_start]potent[blank_end] [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] [blank_start]2[blank_end] [blank_start]adrenergic[blank_end] [blank_start]agonist[blank_end] used with some [blank_start]success[blank_end] as an emetic in cats but doe not produce [blank_start]predictable[blank_end] emesis in dogs
= possible adverse effects include [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] + respiratory [blank_start]depression[blank_end], [blank_start]hypotension[blank_end] + bradycardia
Hydrogen peroxide ([blank_start]3%[blank_end])
= 1-2ml/kg [blank_start]PO[blank_end] to a maximum of [blank_start]45ml[blank_end] in dogs + [blank_start]10ml[blank_end] in cats
= thought to induce emesis via [blank_start]gastric[blank_end] [blank_start]irritation[blank_end]
- [blank_start]table[blank_end] [blank_start]salt[blank_end] NOT recommended
*remember to retain [blank_start]sample[blank_end] of [blank_start]vomit[blank_end]*- Adogs + cats
- Bjust dogs
- Cjust cats
- Dcats
- Edogs
- Freverse
- Gatipamazole
- Hpotent
- Ialpha
- J2
- Kadrenergic
- Lagonist
- Msuccess
- Npredictable
- OCNS
- Pdepression
- Qhypotension
- R3%
- S5%
- T10%
- UPO
- VSC
- W45ml
- X10ml
- Ygastric
- Zirritation
- AAtable
- ABsalt
- ACsample
- ADvomit
12Gastric Lavage:
- must have a [blank_start]cuffed[blank_end] [blank_start]ET[blank_end] [blank_start]tube[blank_end] in place
- [blank_start]lower[blank_end] head + [blank_start]heck[blank_end] relative to [blank_start]thorax[blank_end]
- use [blank_start]orogastric[blank_end] tube
= 5-10 ml/kg [blank_start]warmed[blank_end] [blank_start]water[blank_end]
= [blank_start]repeat[blank_end] [blank_start]10-15[blank_end] times or until [blank_start]lavage[blank_end] is [blank_start]clear[blank_end]
- can add [blank_start]activated[blank_end] [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] to lavage + leave in for 10-15 [blank_start]minutes[blank_end]
- do not apply [blank_start]excessive[blank_end] [blank_start]pressure[blank_end]
*retain sample of [blank_start]initial[blank_end] lavage*- Acuffed
- BET
- Ctube
- Dlower
- Eneck
- Fthorax
- Gorogastric
- Hwarmed
- Iwater
- Jcold
- Krepeat
- L10-15
- Mlavage
- Nclear
- Oactivated
- Pcharcoal
- Qminutes
- Rseconds
- Sexcessive
- Tpressure
- Uinitial
13Activated Charcoal:
- may be beneficial as [blank_start]non[blank_end]-[blank_start]specific[blank_end] [blank_start]adsorbant[blank_end] for specific [blank_start]toxicoses[blank_end]
- will [blank_start]absorb[blank_end] many [blank_start]larger[blank_end] [blank_start]molecules[blank_end] such as [blank_start]pharmaceutical[blank_end] products, [blank_start]pesticides[blank_end], [blank_start]plant[blank_end] toxins
- not indicated for ingestion of [blank_start]caustic[blank_end] (alkaline) chemicals, [blank_start]petroleum[blank_end] [blank_start]distillates[blank_end] or small molecules such as [blank_start]alcohols[blank_end], some [blank_start]mineral[blank_end] [blank_start]acids[blank_end] or [blank_start]ionised[blank_end] [blank_start]metals[blank_end] or minerals (sodium, lithium)
- [blank_start]1-4[blank_end] g/kg
- 1g charcoal to [blank_start]5-10[blank_end] ml water
- administer [blank_start]orally[blank_end] or via [blank_start]orogastric[blank_end] tube
- can follow with [blank_start]cathartic[blank_end]
- [blank_start]30[blank_end] min following emesis (to avoid [blank_start]vomiting[blank_end] the charcoal)
- potential risks include [blank_start]aspiration[blank_end], [blank_start]peritonitis[blank_end] if any gastrointestinal ulceration or [blank_start]perforation[blank_end], [blank_start]discolouration[blank_end] of alimentary mucosa thereby complicating [blank_start]endoscopic[blank_end] [blank_start]evaluation[blank_end] + [blank_start]hypernatraemia[blank_end] due to fluid shifts following multidose regimes- Anon
- Bspecific
- Cadsorbant
- Dtoxicoses
- Eabsorb
- Flarger
- Gsmaller
- Hmolecules
- Ipharmaceutical
- Jpesticides
- Kplant
- Lcaustic
- Mpetroleum
- Ndistillates
- Oalcohols
- Pmineral
- Qacids
- Rionised
- Smetals
- T1-4
- U5-10
- Vorally
- Worogastric
- Xcathartic
- Y30
- Zvomiting
- AAaspiration
- ABperitonitis
- ACperforation
- ADdiscolouration
- AEendoscopic
- AFevaluation
- AGhypernatraemia
14Enhance Toxin Clearance:
- [blank_start]cathartics[blank_end] (e.g. sorbitol, magnesium/sodium sulfate, liquid paraffin) = [blank_start]enhance[blank_end] [blank_start]GI[blank_end] [blank_start]elimination[blank_end]
- [blank_start]enema[blank_end]
= enemas can be used to move [blank_start]extended[blank_end] release or [blank_start]controlled[blank_end] release [blank_start]medications[blank_end] [blank_start]quickly[blank_end] through [blank_start]colon[blank_end] + [blank_start]lessen[blank_end] additional [blank_start]systemic[blank_end] [blank_start]effects[blank_end]
= use [blank_start]warm[blank_end] water or warm [blank_start]soapy[blank_end] water
- [blank_start]diuresis[blank_end]
= [blank_start]IVFT[blank_end] (monitor urine output - normal [blank_start]0.5-1[blank_end] ml/kg/hr)
= [blank_start]diuretic[blank_end] therapy (furosemide [blank_start]1[blank_end] mg/kg or mannitol [blank_start]0.5[blank_end] g/kg for oliguric or anuric AKI [blank_start]non[blank_end]-[blank_start]responsive[blank_end] to [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] [blank_start]replacement[blank_end] (ensure animal is [blank_start]hydrated[blank_end] first!)
= furosemide can be used to treat [blank_start]hypercalcaemia[blank_end] secondary to [blank_start]cholecalciferol[blank_end] [blank_start]toxicity[blank_end]- Acathartics
- Benhance
- CGI
- Delimination
- Eenema
- Fextended
- Gcontrolled
- Hmedications
- Iquickly
- Jcolon
- Klessen
- Lsystemic
- Meffects
- Nwarm
- Osoapy
- Pdiuresis
- QIVFT
- R0.5-1
- S1
- T0.5
- Udiuretic
- Vnon
- Wresponsive
- Xfluid
- Yreplacement
- Zhydrated
- AAhypercalcaemia
- ABcholecalciferol
- ACtoxicity
15Cathartics:
*[blank_start]reduce[blank_end] the [blank_start]time[blank_end] a [blank_start]toxin[blank_end] is [blank_start]exposed[blank_end] to the [blank_start]GI[blank_end] [blank_start]tract[blank_end]*
- [blank_start]psyllium[blank_end] [blank_start]hydrophilic[blank_end] [blank_start]mucilloid[blank_end] = 1 tsp - 2 tbsp per dog, 1-4 tsp per cat
= [blank_start]absorbs[blank_end] [blank_start]water[blank_end] + [blank_start]swells[blank_end] in intestine [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] [blank_start]bulk[blank_end] to induce [blank_start]peristalsis[blank_end] + decrease GI [blank_start]transit[blank_end] time
- sorbitol
= most commonly used [blank_start]saccharide[blank_end] osmotic cathartic
= frequently [blank_start]combined[blank_end] with [blank_start]activated[blank_end] [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] in commercially prepared charcoal products
- sodium or magnesium sulphate = 5-20 g per dog, 2-4 g per cat
= [blank_start]saline[blank_end] cathartics
= should [blank_start]not[blank_end] be used in animals with [blank_start]renal[blank_end] [blank_start]insufficiency[blank_end]
- liquid paraffin
= [blank_start]lubricates[blank_end] [blank_start]faecal[blank_end] material + intestinal [blank_start]mucosa[blank_end] easing [blank_start]elimination[blank_end]
= [blank_start]reduces[blank_end] [blank_start]absorption[blank_end] of water from GI tract increasing [blank_start]faecal bulk[blank_end] + decreasing transit time
- can be administered with [blank_start]first[blank_end] dose of activated charcoal, in [blank_start]multidose[blank_end] activated charcoal regimes, generally given [blank_start]every[blank_end] [blank_start]third[blank_end] charcoal dose
- cathartics [blank_start]contraindicated[blank_end] if = diarrhoea, [blank_start]dehydrated[blank_end], [blank_start]ileus[blank_end] present or intestinal [blank_start]obstruction[blank_end] or [blank_start]perforation[blank_end]- Areduce
- Btime
- Ctoxin
- Dexposed
- EGI
- Ftract
- Gpsyllium
- Hhydrophilic
- Imucilloid
- Jabsorbs
- Kwater
- Lswells
- Mincreasing
- Nbulk
- Operistalsis
- Ptransit
- Qsaccharide
- Rcombined
- Sactivated
- Tcharcoal
- Usaline
- Vnot
- Wrenal
- Xinsufficiency
- Ylubricates
- Zfaecal
- AAmucosa
- ABelimination
- ACreduces
- ADabsorption
- AEfaecal bulk
- AFfirst
- AGmultidose
- AHevery
- AIthird
- AJcontraindicated
- AKdehydrated
- ALileus
- AMobstruction
- ANperforation
16Intravenous Lipid Emulsion:
- [blank_start]local[blank_end] anaesthetics, [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]channel[blank_end] [blank_start]blockers[blank_end], [blank_start]macrocyclic[blank_end] [blank_start]lactones[blank_end], pyrethrin
- exact mechanism [blank_start]unknown[blank_end]
= provide [blank_start]myocytes[blank_end] with [blank_start]FFA[blank_end]
= restoring [blank_start]myocardial[blank_end] [blank_start]function[blank_end] by [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] [blank_start]intracellular[blank_end] calcium concentration
= acting as '[blank_start]lipid[blank_end] [blank_start]sink[blank_end]'
= increasing FFA [blank_start]pool[blank_end] overcoming inhibition of [blank_start]mitochondrial[blank_end] [blank_start]FA[blank_end] [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end]
- [blank_start]1.5 to 4[blank_end] ml/kg bolus over 60 seconds then [blank_start]CRI[blank_end] of [blank_start]0.25[blank_end] ml/kg/min over 30-60 minutes- Alocal
- Bgeneral
- Ccalcium
- Dchannel
- Eblockers
- Fpotassium
- Gmacrocyclic
- Hlactones
- Iunknown
- Jmyocytes
- KFFA
- Lmyocardial
- Mfunction
- Nincreasing
- Ointracellular
- Pdecreasing
- Qlipid
- Rsink
- Spool
- Tmitochondrial
- UFA
- Vmetabolism
- W1.5 to 4
- X0.25
- YCRI
17Antidotes:
- any compound [blank_start]counteracts[blank_end] the [blank_start]effects[blank_end] of a [blank_start]toxicant[blank_end]
- [blank_start]few[blank_end] available
- chemical, [blank_start]pharmacological[blank_end] or function
- care regarding [blank_start]toxicity[blank_end] of [blank_start]antidotes[blank_end] e.g. methylene blue- Acounteracts
- Beffects
- Ctoxicant
- Dfew
- Emany
- Fpharmacological
- Gtoxicity
- Hantidotes
18Supportive Care:
- often the [blank_start]most[blank_end] [blank_start]important[blank_end] [blank_start]component[blank_end] of treatment
- [blank_start]thermoregulation[blank_end]
- respiratory support
- [blank_start]cardiovascular[blank_end] support
- [blank_start]analgesia[blank_end]
- [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] disturbances
= [blank_start]depression[blank_end]/coma
= [blank_start]hyperactivity[blank_end]/seizures
- [blank_start]nutritional[blank_end] support- Amost
- Bimportant
- Ccomponent
- Dthermoregulation
- Ecardiovascular
- Fanalgesia
- GCNS
- Hdepression
- Ihyperactivity
- Jnutritional
19Hypothermia:
- [blank_start]blankets[blank_end], [blank_start]heat[blank_end] [blank_start]pads[blank_end], 'hot hands'
- care re-warming animal in [blank_start]shock[blank_end] ([blank_start]peripheral[blank_end] [blank_start]vasodilation[blank_end])
Hyperthermia:
- temperature [blank_start]>40.5[blank_end] decrees = [blank_start]ACTIVE[blank_end] [blank_start]COOLING[blank_end] REQUIRED
- [blank_start]cold packs[blank_end] in [blank_start]axillae[blank_end], [blank_start]luke warm[blank_end] to [blank_start]cool[blank_end] water (not [blank_start]cold[blank_end] or [blank_start]ice[blank_end] water) spray, [blank_start]IVFT[blank_end]
- [blank_start]alcohol[blank_end] on footpads is [blank_start]NOT[blank_end] recommended --> overcooling
- be careful not to [blank_start]OVERCOOL[blank_end]
- cool to [blank_start]39.4[blank_end] degrees within [blank_start]30-60[blank_end] minutes, cooling further or faster = [blank_start]shivering[blank_end] = heat gain = [blank_start]increased[blank_end] [blank_start]core[blank_end] [blank_start]temperature[blank_end]- Ablankets
- Bheat
- Cpads
- Dshock
- Eperipheral
- Fvasodilation
- G>40.5
- H>39
- IACTIVE
- JCOOLING
- KRAPID
- Laxillae
- Mluke warm
- Ncool
- Ocold packs
- Pcold
- Qice
- RIVFT
- Salcohol
- TNOT
- UOVERCOOL
- V39.4
- W30-60
- Xshivering
- Yincreased
- Zcore
- AAtemperature
- ABdecreased
20Respiratory Support:
- [blank_start]endotracheal[blank_end] [blank_start]intubation[blank_end] if [blank_start]unconscious[blank_end]
- [blank_start]manually[blank_end] [blank_start]ventilate[blank_end] (generally more efficient than [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] stimulation)
- [blank_start]doxapram[blank_end] (respiratory [blank_start]stimulant[blank_end]) 1-10 mg/kg [blank_start]IV[blank_end] for around [blank_start]20-30[blank_end] minutes
- treatment with [blank_start]naloxone[blank_end] if respiratory [blank_start]depression[blank_end] due to [blank_start]opioid[blank_end] [blank_start]toxicity[blank_end]
- [blank_start]100%[blank_end] [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] [blank_start]supplementation[blank_end] as necessary (via mask, cage, nasal [blank_start]cannula[blank_end])
= contraindicated for [blank_start]paraquat[blank_end] [blank_start]exposure[blank_end]- Aendotracheal
- Bintubation
- Cunconscious
- Dconscious
- Emanually
- Fventilate
- Gchemical
- Hdoxapram
- Istimulant
- JIV
- KIM
- L20-30
- Mnaloxone
- Ndepression
- Oopioid
- Ptoxicity
- Q100%
- Roxygen
- Ssupplementation
- Tcannula
- Uparaquat
- Vexposure
21Cardiovascular Support:
- [blank_start]intravenous[blank_end] [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] therapy = [blank_start]crystalloids[blank_end], colloids, blood
- arterial [blank_start]blood[blank_end] [blank_start]pressure[blank_end]
- [blank_start]electrolytes[blank_end]
- [blank_start]acid[blank_end]-[blank_start]base[blank_end] status (aspirin, [blank_start]ethylene[blank_end] [blank_start]glycol[blank_end] = [blank_start]metabolic[blank_end] [blank_start]acidosis[blank_end])
- [blank_start]arrhythmias[blank_end] = foxglove, lily of the valley, oleander, rhododendron, [blank_start]antidepressants[blank_end]- Aintravenous
- Bfluid
- Ccrystalloids
- Dblood
- Epressure
- Felectrolytes
- Gacid
- Hbase
- Iethylene
- Jglycol
- Kmetabolic
- Lacidosis
- Marrhythmias
- Nantidepressants
22Analgesia:
- [blank_start]ingestion[blank_end] of a [blank_start]caustic[blank_end] [blank_start]substance[blank_end]
- use an [blank_start]opioid[blank_end] unless [blank_start]contraindicated[blank_end]
- [blank_start]pethidine[blank_end] has [blank_start]short[blank_end] duration of action
- [blank_start]buprenorphine[blank_end] = partial agonist
- avoid [blank_start]NSAIDs[blank_end] (potential [blank_start]toxicity[blank_end])- Aingestion
- Bcaustic
- Csubstance
- Dopioid
- Econtraindicated
- Fpethidine
- Gbuprenorphine
- Hshort
- Ilong
- JNSAIDs
- Ktoxicity
23Depression/coma:
- [blank_start]ventilatory[blank_end] support
- manual/[blank_start]mechanical[blank_end] [blank_start]ventilation[blank_end]
- keep [blank_start]warm[blank_end]
- maintain [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] + [blank_start]electrolyte[blank_end] [blank_start]balance[blank_end]
Hyperactivity/seizures:
- [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end] = 0.5-1 mg/kg
- [blank_start]phenobarbital[blank_end] = 2-5 mg/kg [blank_start]SLOW[blank_end] IV, may take 20-30 mins to have effect
- [blank_start]propofol[blank_end]
*care if [blank_start]hepatic[blank_end] [blank_start]encephalopathy[blank_end] suspected = diazepam/[blank_start]barbiturates[blank_end] may have profound affect- Aventilatory
- Bmechanical
- Cventilation
- Dwarm
- Efluid
- Felectrolyte
- Gbalance
- Hdiazepam
- Iphenobarbital
- JSLOW
- KFAST
- Lpropofol
- Mhepatic
- Nencephalopathy
- Obarbiturates
24Nutritional Support:
- [blank_start]tube[blank_end] feeding (following ingestion of [blank_start]caustic[blank_end] [blank_start]substance[blank_end], [blank_start]anorexia[blank_end] >72 h)
= [blank_start]naso[blank_end]-[blank_start]oesophageal[blank_end]
= [blank_start]oesophagostomy[blank_end]
= PEG- Atube
- Bcaustic
- Csubstance
- Danorexia
- Enaso
- Foesophageal
- Gpharyngeal
- Hoesophagostomy
25Diagnostic Samples:
- [blank_start]heparinised[blank_end] [blank_start]blood[blank_end]
- [blank_start]urine[blank_end]
- [blank_start]stomach[blank_end] contents
- [blank_start]sample[blank_end] of [blank_start]product[blank_end] ingested if available
- [blank_start]PM[blank_end] [blank_start]tissues[blank_end] = liver, kidney, brain, stomach
- [blank_start]CTDS[blank_end] [blank_start]toxicology[blank_end] [blank_start]panel[blank_end] by GC-MS (over 3000 compounds)- Aheparinised
- Bblood
- Curine
- Dstomach
- Esample
- Fproduct
- GPM
- Htissues
- ICTDS
- Jtoxicology
- Kpanel
- Lintestinal
26Lilies:
- all members of genera [blank_start]Lilium[blank_end] + [blank_start]Hemerocallis[blank_end] are [blank_start]nephrotoxic[blank_end] to [blank_start]cats[blank_end]
= easter lily
= [blank_start]tiger[blank_end] lily
= day lily
- cala lilies + [blank_start]peace[blank_end] lilies are not true lilies + [blank_start]not known[blank_end] to be nephrotoxic- ALilium
- BHemerocallis
- Cnephrotoxic
- Dcats
- Edogs
- Ftiger
- Gpeace
- Hnot known
- Ialso known
27Pyrethrins/Pyrethroids:
- [blank_start]percentage[blank_end] of [blank_start]active[blank_end] [blank_start]ingredient[blank_end] in products containing pyrethrins can [blank_start]vary[blank_end] considerably (1-65%)
- [blank_start]stimulation[blank_end] of [blank_start]insect[blank_end] CNS = [blank_start]muscular[blank_end] [blank_start]excitement[blank_end], convulsions + [blank_start]paralysis[blank_end]
- in [blank_start]mammals[blank_end] = CNS affected by [blank_start]reversibly[blank_end] [blank_start]prolonging[blank_end] [blank_start]sodium[blank_end] [blank_start]conductance[blank_end] = [blank_start]increased[blank_end] nerve firing
- [blank_start]toxicities[blank_end] occurs when products for [blank_start]dogs[blank_end] only are used on [blank_start]cats[blank_end] = [blank_start]permethrin[blank_end] + most other [blank_start]pyrethroids[blank_end] should not be used on cats or kittens
- excessive [blank_start]salivation[blank_end], tremors, ataxia, [blank_start]depression[blank_end], hyperthermia/hypothermia
- [blank_start]cholinesterase[blank_end] activity NOT inhibited
- [blank_start]bathing[blank_end], emesis (if ingested), activated [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end], diazepam or methocarbamol, ILE?- Apercentage
- Bactive
- Cingredient
- Dvary
- Estimulation
- Finsect
- Gmuscular
- Hexcitement
- Iparalysis
- Jmammals
- Kreversibly
- Lprolonging
- Msodium
- Nconductance
- Oincreased
- Ptoxicities
- Qdogs
- Rcats
- Spermethrin
- Tpyrethroids
- Usalivation
- Vdepression
- Wcholinesterase
- Xbathing
- Ycharcoal
28Avermectins:
- [blank_start]specific[blank_end] [blank_start]breeds[blank_end] more [blank_start]sensitive[blank_end] (collies, GSD, Australian Shepherd, Shetland Sheepdog, Old English Sheepdog)
- [blank_start]MDR1[blank_end] gene [blank_start]mutation[blank_end]/ABCB1 gene = trancated [blank_start]P-glycoprotein[blank_end] molecule (responsible for [blank_start]extruding[blank_end] drugs + other [blank_start]xenobiotics[blank_end] from brain [blank_start]across[blank_end] [blank_start]BBB[blank_end])
= [blank_start]high[blank_end] [blank_start]concentrations[blank_end] in CNS
- [blank_start]depression[blank_end] of CNS ([blank_start]GABA[blank_end] [blank_start]agonist[blank_end])
- toxicities can last [blank_start]days[blank_end]-[blank_start]weeks[blank_end] depending on [blank_start]half[blank_end] [blank_start]life[blank_end] of particular avermectin used - NB regarding treatment
- [blank_start]selamectin[blank_end] = [blank_start]safe[blank_end] in collies at recommended dose- Aspecific
- Bbreeds
- Csensitive
- DMDR1
- Emutation
- FP-glycoprotein
- Gacross
- HBBB
- Iextruding
- Jxenobiotics
- Khigh
- Lconcentrations
- Mlow
- Ndepression
- OGABA
- Pagonist
- Qantagonist
- Rdays
- Sweeks
- Thours
- Uhalf
- Vlife
- Wselamectin
- Xsafe
- Yunsafe
29Paracetamol:
- [blank_start]para[blank_end]-[blank_start]aminophenol[blank_end] derivative
- antipyretic/[blank_start]analgesic[blank_end]
- toxic dose cat [blank_start]10-40[blank_end] mg/kg, dog [blank_start]>100[blank_end] mg/kg
- [blank_start]oxidative[blank_end] [blank_start]injury[blank_end] to [blank_start]RBCs[blank_end] ([blank_start]methaemoglobin[blank_end] formation in cats)
- [blank_start]hepatotoxic[blank_end] >24 hours after ingestion
- [blank_start]vomiting[blank_end], abdominal pain, tachycardia, pallor, [blank_start]cyanosis[blank_end], [blank_start]chocolate[blank_end]-[blank_start]coloured[blank_end] mucous membranes
- occasionally [blank_start]facial[blank_end] [blank_start]oedema[blank_end] in cats
- [blank_start]depression[blank_end] within hours
- progression to [blank_start]hepatic[blank_end] [blank_start]failure[blank_end]- Apara
- Baminophenol
- Canalgesic
- D10-40
- E>100
- Foxidative
- Ginjury
- HRBCs
- Imethaemoglobin
- Jhepatotoxic
- Kvomiting
- Lcyanosis
- Mchocolate
- Ncoloured
- Ofacial
- Poedema
- Qdepression
- Rfailure
- Shepatic
- Tdysfunction
30Paracetamol Toxicosis - Treatment:
- [blank_start]emesis[blank_end] if within [blank_start]2[blank_end] hours of ingesion
- [blank_start]activated[blank_end] [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] (multidose regime)
- [blank_start]cathartics[blank_end]
- [blank_start]cimetidine[blank_end] = [blank_start]cytochrome[blank_end] [blank_start]P450[blank_end] [blank_start]inhibitor[blank_end], may reduce formation of toxic metabolites
- [blank_start]ascorbic[blank_end] acid
- aggressive [blank_start]IVFT[blank_end]
- [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] therapy, whole body [blank_start]transfusion[blank_end] (Cats)
= [blank_start]N-acetylcysteine[blank_end] is the mainstay of treatment
= [blank_start]detoxifies[blank_end] the toxic metabolites
= loading dose = [blank_start]140-280[blank_end] mg/kg orally or [blank_start]140[blank_end] mg/kg IV in [blank_start]5%[blank_end] dextrose or glucose
= then [blank_start]70[blank_end] mg/kg orally for [blank_start]7[blank_end] more treatments- Aemesis
- B2
- C4
- D12
- E24
- Factivated
- Gcharcoal
- Hcathartics
- Icimetidine
- Jcytochrome
- KP450
- Linhibitor
- Mactivator
- Nascorbic
- OIVFT
- Poxygen
- Qtransfusion
- RN-acetylcysteine
- Sdetoxifies
- T140-280
- U140
- V5%
- W10%
- X70
- Y7
31Ethylene Glycol:
- one of the most [blank_start]common[blank_end] [blank_start]causes[blank_end] of [blank_start]fatal[blank_end] [blank_start]poisoning[blank_end] in [blank_start]cats + dogs[blank_end], may be malicious
- usually from [blank_start]antifreeze[blank_end] also found in de-icer, [blank_start]brake[blank_end] + transmission fluid, motor [blank_start]oils[blank_end], [blank_start]paint[blank_end], ink + industrial [blank_start]solvents[blank_end]
- toxicosis most common in late [blank_start]autumn[blank_end] + [blank_start]spring[blank_end]
- [blank_start]propylene[blank_end] [blank_start]glycol[blank_end] substituted for EG in brands + advertised as 'safe' or 'non toxic' - PG still has [blank_start]adverse[blank_end] [blank_start]effects[blank_end]
- [blank_start]sweet[blank_end] taste, [blank_start]colourless[blank_end]- Acommon
- Bcauses
- Cfatal
- Dpoisoning
- Ecats + dogs
- Fcats
- Gdogs
- Hantifreeze
- Ibrake
- Joils
- Kpaint
- Lsolvents
- Mautumn
- Nspring
- Owinter
- Ppropylene
- Qglycol
- Radverse
- Seffects
- Tsweet
- Ubitter
- Vcolourless
32Ethylene Glycol:
- [blank_start]metabolised[blank_end] in [blank_start]liver[blank_end] by [blank_start]alcohol[blank_end] [blank_start]dehydrogenase[blank_end] to [blank_start]glycolic[blank_end] acid = severe [blank_start]metabolic[blank_end] [blank_start]acidosis[blank_end]
- also metabolised into [blank_start]oxalic[blank_end] acid = most important final metabolite
= combines with [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] in [blank_start]blood[blank_end] [blank_start]vessels[blank_end] + renal [blank_start]tubules[blank_end] = [blank_start]hypocalcaemia[blank_end], [blank_start]obstructed[blank_end] tubules, renal [blank_start]epithelial[blank_end] damage
- [blank_start]dose[blank_end] [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] toxicity = lethal dose dogs [blank_start]6.6[blank_end] ml/kg, cats [blank_start]1.4[blank_end] ml/kg
- it is the [blank_start]metabolites[blank_end] that cause the [blank_start]severe[blank_end] clinical signs- Ametabolised
- Bliver
- Calcohol
- Ddehydrogenase
- Eglycolic
- Fmetabolic
- Gacidosis
- Hoxalic
- Icalcium
- Jblood
- Kvessels
- Ltubules
- Mhypocalcaemia
- Nobstructed
- Oepithelial
- Pdose
- Qdependent
- R6.6
- S1.4
- Tmetabolites
- Usevere
33EG Toxicity - Clinical signs:
- three phases
- [blank_start]gastrointestinal[blank_end] [blank_start]irritation[blank_end]
- [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] toxicity
- [blank_start]Nephrotoxicity[blank_end]- Agastrointestinal
- Birritation
- CCNS
- DNephrotoxicity
34EG Toxicity - Phase 1:
- [blank_start]30[blank_end] minutes following ingestion
- lasts [blank_start]2[blank_end]-[blank_start]12[blank_end] hours
- [blank_start]ataxia[blank_end] (look drunk)
- [blank_start]tachycardia[blank_end], tachypnoea
- [blank_start]PU/PD[blank_end] in dogs
- [blank_start]PU[blank_end] in cats
- [blank_start]vomiting[blank_end]- A30
- B10
- C60
- D2
- E12
- F24
- G5
- Hataxia
- Itachycardia
- JPU/PD
- KPU
- Lvomiting
35EG Toxicity - Phase 2:
- [blank_start]8[blank_end]-[blank_start]24[blank_end] hours following ingestion
- [blank_start]metabolic[blank_end] [blank_start]acidosis[blank_end]
- [blank_start]anorexia[blank_end], emesis
- [blank_start]depression[blank_end], [blank_start]miosis[blank_end], hypothermia
- if [blank_start]large[blank_end] doses, may be [blank_start]fatal[blank_end] in this phase (severe depression, tachypnoea, [blank_start]coma[blank_end], [blank_start]death[blank_end])- A8
- B24
- C12
- D5
- E20
- Fmetabolic
- Gacidosis
- Hrespiratory
- Ianorexia
- Jdepression
- Kmiosis
- Llarge
- Mfatal
- Ncoma
- Odeath
36EG Toxicity - Phase 3:
- [blank_start]1-3[blank_end] [blank_start]days[blank_end] following exposure
- [blank_start]oliguric[blank_end] [blank_start]renal[blank_end] [blank_start]failure[blank_end]
- [blank_start]large[blank_end] painful kidneys, oral [blank_start]ulceration[blank_end], salivation, vomiting, [blank_start]seizures[blank_end]- A1-3
- Bdays
- Chours
- D24-48
- E3-5
- F7-10
- Goliguric
- Hrenal
- Ifailure
- Jlarge
- Ksmall
- Lulceration
- Mseizures
37EG Toxicity - Diagnosis:
- [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]oxalate[blank_end] [blank_start]crystalluria[blank_end] [blank_start]not pathognomonic[blank_end]
- [blank_start]azotaemia[blank_end]
- hypocalcaemia
- [blank_start]hyperphosphataemia[blank_end] (in EG due to AKI)
- [blank_start]high[blank_end] [blank_start]anion[blank_end] [blank_start]gap[blank_end] metabolic [blank_start]acidosis[blank_end] not pathognomonic (other toxicoses including aspirin + ibuprofen)
- EG can be [blank_start]measured[blank_end] by [blank_start]commercial[blank_end] [blank_start]kit[blank_end] (cross-react)- Acalcium
- Boxalate
- Ccrystalluria
- Dazotaemia
- Ehyperphosphataemia
- Fhigh
- Ganion
- Hgap
- Iacidosis
- Jnot pathognomonic
- Kpathognomonic
- Lmeasured
- Mcommercial
- Nkit
38EG Toxicity - Treatment:
- [blank_start]management[blank_end] depends on [blank_start]time[blank_end] of [blank_start]presentation[blank_end]
- animals treated in [blank_start]phase 1[blank_end] = [blank_start]excellent[blank_end] prognosis
- EG very [blank_start]rapidly[blank_end] [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] so [blank_start]gastrointestinal[blank_end] [blank_start]decontamination[blank_end] only useful if presented [blank_start]very[blank_end] [blank_start]soon[blank_end] after ingestion
= [blank_start]emesis[blank_end], activated charcoal, cathartics
- [blank_start]supportive[blank_end] care- Amanagement
- Btime
- Cpresentation
- Dage
- Ephase 1
- Fexcellent
- Gpoor
- Hrapidly
- Iabsorbed
- Jgastrointestinal
- Kdecontamination
- Lvery
- Msoon
- Nemesis
- Osupportive
39EG Toxicity - Treatment:
Ethanol:
- [blank_start]prevents[blank_end] [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end] of EG to [blank_start]glycolic[blank_end] [blank_start]acid[blank_end] by [blank_start]inhibiting[blank_end] [blank_start]alcohol[blank_end] [blank_start]dehydrogenase[blank_end]
- [blank_start]not[blank_end] the [blank_start]preferred[blank_end] drug as can cause [blank_start]severe[blank_end] [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] + potentially [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] [blank_start]depression[blank_end]
- [blank_start]5.5[blank_end] ml/kg of 20% ethanol every [blank_start]4[blank_end] hours for 5 treatments then every [blank_start]6 hours[blank_end] for 4 treatments in dogs
- [blank_start]5[blank_end] ml/kg of 20% ethanol every [blank_start]6[blank_end] hours for 5 treatments then every [blank_start]8 hours[blank_end] for 5 treatments in cats
*must be given as [blank_start]soon[blank_end] as [blank_start]possible[blank_end] after ingestion*- Aprevents
- Bmetabolism
- Cglycolic
- Dacid
- Einhibiting
- Falcohol
- Gdehydrogenase
- Hnot
- Ipreferred
- Jsevere
- KCNS
- Lrespiratory
- Mdepression
- N5.5
- O5
- P4
- Q6
- R6 hours
- S8 hours
- Tsoon
- Upossible
40EG Toxicity - Treatment:
Fomepizole:
- [blank_start]4-methylpyraxole[blank_end] (fomepizole) = treatment of [blank_start]choice[blank_end]
- in dogs [blank_start]20[blank_end] mg/kg as 5% solution [blank_start]slow[blank_end] [blank_start]IV[blank_end] then [blank_start]15[blank_end] mg/kg at 12 and 24 hr + [blank_start]5[blank_end] mg/kg at 36 hr
- can be used in cats but at [blank_start]HIGHER[blank_end] dose = [blank_start]125[blank_end] mg/kg IV initially, then [blank_start]31.25[blank_end] mg/kg every 12 hrs for 3 doses
- give [blank_start]more[blank_end] if very [blank_start]large[blank_end] dose of EG was [blank_start]originally[blank_end] [blank_start]ingested[blank_end]
- less [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] [blank_start]depression[blank_end]
- [blank_start]earlier[blank_end] treatment is done = [blank_start]better[blank_end], however can still be attempted up to [blank_start]32[blank_end] hrs post exposure
- [blank_start]good[blank_end] prognosis if started within [blank_start]8-12[blank_end] hrs in dogs + [blank_start]3[blank_end] hrs in cats- A4-methylpyraxole
- Bchoice
- C20
- Dslow
- EIV
- Ffast
- G15
- H5
- IHIGHER
- JLOWER
- K125
- L31.25
- Mmore
- Nlarge
- Ooriginally
- Pingested
- QCNS
- Rdepression
- Searlier
- Tbetter
- U32
- V8-12
- W3
- Xgood
- Ypoor
41EG Toxicity - Treatment:
- [blank_start]supportive[blank_end] treatment [blank_start]vital[blank_end]
- [blank_start]IV[blank_end] [blank_start]FLUID[blank_end] THERAPY
= correct fluid [blank_start]balance[blank_end]
= [blank_start]prolonged[blank_end] [blank_start]therapy[blank_end] may be required
= monitor [blank_start]urine[blank_end] [blank_start]output[blank_end]
= monitor [blank_start]electrolytes[blank_end] (calcium gluconate?), [blank_start]urea[blank_end] + [blank_start]creatinine[blank_end]
= correct [blank_start]acid[blank_end]-[blank_start]base[blank_end] [blank_start]disturbances[blank_end] (sodium bicarb possibly)- Asupportive
- Bvital
- CIV
- DFLUID
- Ebalance
- Fprolonged
- Gtherapy
- Hurine
- Ioutput
- Jelectrolytes
- Kurea
- Lacid
- Mcreatinine
- Nbase
- Odisturbances
42Anticoagulant Rodenticides:
- many products = [blank_start]warfarin[blank_end], brodifacoum, bromadiolone, diphacenone, chlorophacinone
- [blank_start]vit K[blank_end] [blank_start]antagonists[blank_end] [blank_start]competitively[blank_end] [blank_start]inhibit[blank_end] vit [blank_start]K1[blank_end] [blank_start]epoxide[blank_end] [blank_start]reductase[blank_end]
- vit K dependent [blank_start]clotting[blank_end] [blank_start]factors[blank_end] remain in [blank_start]inactivated[blank_end] state
- very [blank_start]potent[blank_end]- Awarfarin
- Bvit K
- Cantagonists
- Dcompetitively
- Einhibit
- FK1
- Gepoxide
- Hreductase
- Iclotting
- Jfactors
- Kinactivated
- Lpotent
43Anticoagulant Rodenticides:
- present as [blank_start]coagulopathies[blank_end] = very [blank_start]variable[blank_end]
- [blank_start]onset[blank_end] of clinical signs [blank_start]1-3[blank_end] [blank_start]days[blank_end] following ingestion
= usually around [blank_start]48[blank_end] [blank_start]hours[blank_end]
= history may not be [blank_start]directly[blank_end] [blank_start]suggestive[blank_end]
- diagnosis based on [blank_start]history[blank_end] + [blank_start]coagulation[blank_end] [blank_start]screen[blank_end] (WBCT, ACT, PT, aPTT)- Acoagulopathies
- Bvariable
- Conset
- D1-3
- Edays
- F48
- Ghours
- H24
- I12-24
- Jdirectly
- Ksuggestive
- Lhistory
- Mcoagulation
- Nscreen
44Anticoagulant rodenticides - Treatment:
- [blank_start]Vit K[blank_end] = [blank_start]konakion[blank_end]
= [blank_start]2.5-5[blank_end] mg/kg [blank_start]SID[blank_end] or [blank_start]divided[blank_end] (how long?)
= [blank_start]oral[blank_end] therapy [blank_start]very[blank_end] [blank_start]effective[blank_end] ([blank_start]NOT[blank_end] IM or IV)
- oral [blank_start]bioavailability[blank_end] [blank_start]increased[blank_end] by [blank_start]fatty[blank_end] food
- [blank_start]supportive[blank_end] therapy = FFP/[blank_start]whole[blank_end] [blank_start]blood[blank_end], [blank_start]Oxygen[blank_end]- AVit K
- Bkonakion
- C2.5-5
- DSID
- Edivided
- Foral
- Gvery
- Heffective
- INOT
- Jpossibly
- Kbioavailability
- Lincreased
- Mfatty
- Nsupportive
- Owhole
- Pblood
- QOxygen
45Cholecalciferol:
- [blank_start]metabolised[blank_end] to [blank_start]25-hydroxyvitamin D[blank_end] in [blank_start]liver[blank_end] then [blank_start]1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D[blank_end] in [blank_start]kidney[blank_end] (active form of vitamin D)
- [blank_start]increases[blank_end] [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]absorption[blank_end]
= absorption from [blank_start]intestine[blank_end]
= [blank_start]osteoclastic[blank_end] [blank_start]resorption[blank_end] from bone
= reabsorption in [blank_start]distal[blank_end] [blank_start]renal[blank_end] [blank_start]tubules[blank_end]- Ametabolised
- B25-hydroxyvitamin D
- Cliver
- D1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D
- Ekidney
- Fincreases
- Gcalcium
- Habsorption
- Iintestine
- Josteoclastic
- Kresorption
- Ldistal
- Mrenal
- Ntubules
46Cholecalciferol:
- clinical signs referable to [blank_start]hypercalcaemia[blank_end] + [blank_start]renal[blank_end] [blank_start]compromise[blank_end]
- first signs [blank_start]18-24[blank_end] [blank_start]hours[blank_end] after ingestion
- diagnosis based on hypercalcaemia + [blank_start]history[blank_end]
- [blank_start]differentiate[blank_end] from other causes of hypercalcaemia - [blank_start]HARD[blank_end] [blank_start]IONS[blank_end] [blank_start]G[blank_end]
- can [blank_start]measure[blank_end] [blank_start]dihydrocholecalciferol[blank_end] at Guys Hospital, London- Ahypercalcaemia
- Brenal
- Ccompromise
- D18-24
- Ehours
- F24-48
- G5-10
- Hdays
- Ihistory
- Jdifferentiate
- KHARD
- LIONS
- MG
- Nmeasure
- Odihydrocholecalciferol
47Cholecalciferol - Treatment:
- manage as [blank_start]poisoning[blank_end] first = [blank_start]emetics[blank_end], activated [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end]
- then treat [blank_start]hypercalcaemia[blank_end]
= normal [blank_start]saline[blank_end] at [blank_start]3x[blank_end] maintenance
= [blank_start]calcitonin[blank_end] 5 U/kg [blank_start]SC[blank_end] BID to TID
= [blank_start]pamidronate[blank_end] [blank_start]infusion[blank_end] (repeated in 1 week)
- can take [blank_start]4-6[blank_end] [blank_start]weeks[blank_end] for [blank_start]calciferol[blank_end] to be [blank_start]cleared[blank_end] from body = [blank_start]high[blank_end] salt, [blank_start]low[blank_end] calcium [blank_start]diet[blank_end] may help- Apoisoning
- Bhypercalcaemia
- Cemetics
- Dcharcoal
- Esaline
- F3x
- G2x
- H4x
- Icalcitonin
- JSC
- KIM
- LIV
- Mpamidronate
- Ninfusion
- O4-6
- Pweeks
- Qdays
- R1-2
- S3-4
- Tcalciferol
- Ucleared
- Vhigh
- Wlow
- Xdiet
48Metaldehyde:
- [blank_start]slug[blank_end] + snail [blank_start]pellets[blank_end]
- [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] [blank_start]stimulation[blank_end] = loss of [blank_start]GABA[blank_end] [blank_start]inhibition[blank_end]
- [blank_start]acute[blank_end] [blank_start]neurotoxicity[blank_end] then [blank_start]hepatotoxicity[blank_end]
- [blank_start]hyperaesthesia[blank_end], anxiety, restlessness, salivation, muscle [blank_start]tremors[blank_end], incoordination, [blank_start]opisthotonus[blank_end], tachycardia, seizures, [blank_start]coma[blank_end] death
- if [blank_start]survive[blank_end] neurotoxicity = hepatotoxicity may be [blank_start]fatal[blank_end]- Aslug
- Bpellets
- CCNS
- Dstimulation
- EGABA
- Finhibition
- Gacute
- Hneurotoxicity
- Ihepatotoxicity
- Jhyperaesthesia
- Ktremors
- Lopisthotonus
- Mcoma
- Nsurvive
- Ofatal
49Metaldehyde - Treatment:
- [blank_start]emesis[blank_end], [blank_start]gastric[blank_end] [blank_start]lavage[blank_end] (if emesis not considered [blank_start]safe[blank_end]) followed by [blank_start]liquid[blank_end] [blank_start]paraffin[blank_end]
- liquid paraffin may help [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] [blank_start]absorption[blank_end]
- [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] therapy
- [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end]/phenobarbitone/propofol
- [blank_start]supportive[blank_end] treatment- Aemesis
- Bgastric
- Clavage
- Dsafe
- Eeffective
- Fliquid
- Gparaffin
- Hreduce
- Iabsorption
- Jfluid
- Kdiazepam
- Lsupportive
50NSAIDs:
- [blank_start]inhibit[blank_end] [blank_start]prostaglandin[blank_end] [blank_start]synthesis[blank_end] through [blank_start]COX[blank_end] inhibition
- [blank_start]variable[blank_end] [blank_start]toxicity[blank_end]
- [blank_start]cats[blank_end] tend to be more [blank_start]sensitive[blank_end] than [blank_start]dogs[blank_end]- Ainhibit
- Bprostaglandin
- Csynthesis
- DCOX
- Evariable
- Ftoxicity
- Gcats
- Hsensitive
- Idogs
51NSAIDs:
- [blank_start]gastrointestinal[blank_end] effects
= [blank_start]mild[blank_end] [blank_start]epigastric[blank_end] [blank_start]pain[blank_end]
= [blank_start]erosive[blank_end] [blank_start]gastritis[blank_end], ulceration + [blank_start]haemorrhage[blank_end]
= ulceration = [blank_start]12[blank_end] [blank_start]hrs[blank_end] - [blank_start]4[blank_end] [blank_start]days[blank_end] following ingestion
- [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] [blank_start]platelet[blank_end] function, [blank_start]bone[blank_end] [blank_start]marrow[blank_end] depression, [blank_start]seizures[blank_end]
- [blank_start]nephrotoxicity[blank_end]
= [blank_start]acute[blank_end] kidney injury
= may not manifest for [blank_start]3[blank_end]-[blank_start]5[blank_end] days- Agastrointestinal
- Bmild
- Cepigastric
- Dpain
- Emoderate
- Fsevere
- Gerosive
- Hgastritis
- Ihaemorrhage
- J12
- Khrs
- L4
- Mdays
- N24
- Odecreased
- Pplatelet
- Qbone
- Rmarrow
- Sseizures
- Tnephrotoxicity
- Uacute
- Vchronic
- W3
- X5
52NSAIDs toxicity - Treatment:
- diagnosis depends on [blank_start]history[blank_end], [blank_start]clinical[blank_end] [blank_start]signs[blank_end] + [blank_start]blood[blank_end] [blank_start]sampling[blank_end]
- [blank_start]emesis[blank_end]
- gastric [blank_start]lavage[blank_end], [blank_start]adsorbents[blank_end], cathartics
- [blank_start]repeat[blank_end] doses of [blank_start]activated[blank_end] [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] every [blank_start]4-6[blank_end] hours
= NSAIDs often have [blank_start]long[blank_end] [blank_start]half[blank_end]-[blank_start]lives[blank_end]
= [blank_start]enterohepatic[blank_end] [blank_start]recirculation[blank_end]- Ahistory
- Bclinical
- Csigns
- Dblood
- Esampling
- Femesis
- Glavage
- Hadsorbents
- Irepeat
- Jactivated
- Kcharcoal
- L4-6
- M2-3
- N10-12
- Olong
- Phalf
- Qlives
- Rshort
- Senterohepatic
- Trecirculation
53Treat [blank_start]GI Ulceration[blank_end]:
- [blank_start]sucralfate[blank_end]
- [blank_start]H2[blank_end] [blank_start]antagonist[blank_end] = cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine
- [blank_start]PPI[blank_end] = omeprazole
- [blank_start]misoprostal[blank_end] (synthetic [blank_start]prostaglandin[blank_end])
Treat [blank_start]AKI[blank_end]:
- [blank_start]intravenous[blank_end] [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] therapy
- monitor [blank_start]urine[blank_end] [blank_start]output[blank_end]
- [blank_start]furosemide[blank_end], mannitol (for oliguria or anuria)
- monitor [blank_start]potassium[blank_end]- AGI Ulceration
- BAKI
- Csucralfate
- DH2
- Eantagonist
- FPPI
- Gmisoprostal
- Hprostaglandin
- Iintravenous
- Jfluid
- Kurine
- Loutput
- Mpotassium
- Nfurosemide
54Methylxanthines:
- [blank_start]caffine[blank_end] + [blank_start]theobromine[blank_end] - found in chocolate, tea + coffee
- [blank_start]GIT[blank_end] [blank_start]upset[blank_end] (small amounts - [blank_start]20[blank_end] mg/kg)
- [blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] signs such as [blank_start]supraventricular[blank_end] or [blank_start]ventricular[blank_end] [blank_start]arrhythmias[blank_end] (doses [blank_start]>40[blank_end] mg/kg)
- [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] signs such as tremors + [blank_start]seizures[blank_end] (doses [blank_start]>60[blank_end] mg/kg)
- treatment = [blank_start]emesis[blank_end] (if safe), can be performed up to [blank_start]12[blank_end] hours post ingestion as chocolate can [blank_start]remain[blank_end] in [blank_start]stomach[blank_end] for [blank_start]prolonged[blank_end] period
- [blank_start]activated[blank_end] [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] (every [blank_start]6[blank_end] hours)
- methylxanthines are [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] [blank_start]across[blank_end] [blank_start]bladder[blank_end] [blank_start]wall[blank_end] = keep bladder [blank_start]small[blank_end]- Acaffine
- Btheobromine
- CGIT
- Dupset
- E20
- Fcardiac
- Gsupraventricular
- Hventricular
- Iarrhythmias
- J>40
- KCNS
- Lseizures
- M>60
- Nemesis
- O12
- P24
- Qremain
- Rstomach
- Sprolonged
- Tactivated
- Ucharcoal
- Vabsorbed
- Wacross
- Xbladder
- Ywall
- Zsmall
- AAlarge
- ABfull
- AC6
55Grapes + Raisins:
- [blank_start]acute[blank_end] [blank_start]kidney[blank_end] [blank_start]injury[blank_end] secondary to acute [blank_start]proximal[blank_end] [blank_start]tubular[blank_end] [blank_start]necrosis[blank_end]
- causative agent [blank_start]unknown[blank_end]
- [blank_start]20[blank_end] g/kg of grapes or [blank_start]3[blank_end] g/kg raisins
- many [blank_start]dogs[blank_end] do not display clinical signs
- may occur in [blank_start]cats[blank_end] (anecdotal)
- [blank_start]emesis[blank_end]/multiple doses [blank_start]activated[blank_end] [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end], IVFT
- can [blank_start]recover[blank_end]- Aacute
- Bkidney
- Cinjury
- Dproximal
- Etubular
- Fnecrosis
- Gunknown
- H20
- I3
- Jdogs
- Kcats
- Lemesis
- Mactivated
- Ncharcoal
- Orecover
- Pbe fatal
56Marijuana/cannabis:
- [blank_start]lipophilic[blank_end], highly [blank_start]protein[blank_end] [blank_start]bound[blank_end], [blank_start]enterohepatic[blank_end] [blank_start]recirculation[blank_end]
- depression, [blank_start]disorientation[blank_end], lethargy, incoordination
- [blank_start]hypothermia[blank_end] (this needs monitoring)
- [blank_start]compulsive[blank_end] [blank_start]eating[blank_end] (munchies)
- [blank_start]wide[blank_end] [blank_start]safety[blank_end] [blank_start]margin[blank_end] so toxicity ([blank_start]rarely[blank_end] fatal)
- [blank_start]symptomatic[blank_end] therapy + supportive care
= repeated [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] administration- Alipophilic
- Bprotein
- Cbound
- Denterohepatic
- Erecirculation
- Fdisorientation
- Ghypothermia
- Hcompulsive
- Ieating
- Jwide
- Knarrow
- Lsafety
- Mmargin
- Nrarely
- Ocommonly
- Psymptomatic
- Qcharcoal
57Xylitol (sweetener):
- massive [blank_start]insulin[blank_end] [blank_start]release[blank_end] = profound [blank_start]hypoglycaemia[blank_end]
- clinical signs can appear within [blank_start]30[blank_end] mins
- don't be fooled = dogs with xylitol toxicity present [blank_start]collapsed[blank_end] + [blank_start]hyperglycaemic[blank_end] (somogyi effect)
- can also develop [blank_start]fatal[blank_end] [blank_start]hepatic[blank_end] [blank_start]necrosis[blank_end] at larger doses ([blank_start]500[blank_end] mg/kg) - can take [blank_start]longer[blank_end] for signs to develop
- [blank_start]chewing[blank_end] [blank_start]gum[blank_end] can [blank_start]stay[blank_end] in [blank_start]stomach[blank_end] longer so [blank_start]emesis[blank_end] [blank_start]>3-4[blank_end] [blank_start]hours[blank_end] post exposure still potentially useful
- [blank_start]activated charcoal[blank_end] - [blank_start]not useful[blank_end]
- consider [blank_start]N-acetylcystieine[blank_end], SAMe- Ainsulin
- Brelease
- Chypoglycaemia
- Dhyperglycaemic
- Ecollapsed
- F30
- G15
- H60
- Ifatal
- Jhepatic
- Knecrosis
- L500
- M50
- Nlonger
- Oshorter
- Pchewing
- Qgum
- Rstay
- Sstomach
- Temesis
- U>3-4
- Vhours
- Wnot useful
- Xuseful
- YN-acetylcystieine
- Zactivated charcoal
58Onions, Garlic, Leeks:
- [blank_start]disulfide[blank_end] + [blank_start]thiosulfates[blank_end] [blank_start]metabolised[blank_end] to [blank_start]compounds[blank_end] that [blank_start]damage[blank_end] [blank_start]RBCs[blank_end]
- [blank_start]heinz[blank_end] [blank_start]bodies[blank_end], haemolysis, [blank_start]methaemoglobinaemia[blank_end]
- cats + dog breeds with [blank_start]hereditary[blank_end] [blank_start]RBC[blank_end] [blank_start]enzyme[blank_end] [blank_start]deficiencies[blank_end] more sensitive
- damage to RBCs can be [blank_start]cummulative[blank_end] ([blank_start]days[blank_end] to [blank_start]weeks[blank_end])
- supportive care, oxygen, [blank_start]blood[blank_end] [blank_start]transfusion[blank_end]- Adisulfide
- Bthiosulfates
- Cdamage
- Dmetabolised
- Ecompounds
- Fheinz
- Gbodies
- Hmethaemoglobinaemia
- Ihereditary
- JRBC
- Kenzyme
- Ldeficiencies
- Mcummulative
- NRBCs
- Odays
- Pweeks
- Qhours
- Rmonths
- Sblood
- Ttransfusion
59Cholinesterase Inhibitors:
- [blank_start]organophosphates[blank_end], carbamates
- [blank_start]insecticides[blank_end], molluscicides, fungicides
- [blank_start]inhibit[blank_end] function of [blank_start]acetyl[blank_end] [blank_start]cholinesterase[blank_end]
- signs of [blank_start]muscarinic[blank_end] + [blank_start]nicotinic[blank_end] effects + [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] effects- Aorganophosphates
- Binsecticides
- Cinhibit
- Dacetyl
- Echolinesterase
- Fmuscarinic
- Gnicotinic
- HCNS
60Cholinesterase Inhibitors:
DUMBBELS
D = [blank_start]diarrhoea[blank_end]
U = [blank_start]urination[blank_end]
M = [blank_start]miosis[blank_end]
B = [blank_start]bronchoconstriction[blank_end]
B = [blank_start]bradycardia[blank_end]
E = [blank_start]emesis[blank_end]
L = [blank_start]lacrimation[blank_end]
S = [blank_start]salivation[blank_end]- Adiarrhoea
- Burination
- Cmiosis
- Dbronchoconstriction
- Eemesis
- Fbradycardia
- Glacrimation
- Hsalivation
61Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Treatment:
- [blank_start]emesis[blank_end] = only if [blank_start]agent[blank_end] + [blank_start]time[blank_end] of consumption known
- if emesis [blank_start]contraindicated[blank_end] = [blank_start]gastric[blank_end] [blank_start]lavage[blank_end], followed by [blank_start]activated[blank_end] [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] + [blank_start]cathartic[blank_end]
- owner should bring [blank_start]samples[blank_end]/[blank_start]labels[blank_end] from toxicant if available
- [blank_start]atropine[blank_end] (control muscarinic side effects)
- [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end] (control seizure activity)
- [blank_start]2-PAM[blank_end] (pralidoxamine = reduce muscle tremors associated with nicotinic stimulation)- Aemesis
- Bagent
- Ctime
- Dcontraindicated
- Egastric
- Flavage
- Gactivated
- Hcharcoal
- Icathartic
- Jsamples
- Klabels
- Latropine
- Mdiazepam
- N2-PAM
62Bipyridyls - Paraquat:
- [blank_start]herbicide[blank_end]
- GIT signs - [blank_start]acute[blank_end] [blank_start]renal[blank_end] [blank_start]tubular[blank_end] [blank_start]necrosis[blank_end]
- paraquat [blank_start]accumulates[blank_end] in [blank_start]lungs[blank_end]
= [blank_start]pulmonary[blank_end] [blank_start]oedema[blank_end] + haemorrhage
= [blank_start]oxidant[blank_end] [blank_start]damage[blank_end] in [blank_start]alveoli[blank_end]
= [blank_start]O2[blank_end] therapy [blank_start]contraindicated[blank_end]
= thoracic [blank_start]radiographs[blank_end] often [blank_start]normal[blank_end]
- respiratory signs [blank_start]several[blank_end] [blank_start]days[blank_end] following exposure
- diagnosis often based on [blank_start]history[blank_end] + [blank_start]signs[blank_end]
- usually [blank_start]fatal[blank_end]
- treatment = [blank_start]emesis[blank_end], activated [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] ASAP, [blank_start]IVFT[blank_end]- Aherbicide
- Bacute
- Crenal
- Dtubular
- Enecrosis
- Faccumulates
- Glungs
- Hpulmonary
- Ioedema
- Joxidant
- Kdamage
- Lalveoli
- MO2
- Ncontraindicated
- Oradiographs
- Pnormal
- Qseveral
- Rdays
- Shours
- Thistory
- Usigns
- Vfatal
- Wcurable
- Xemesis
- Ycharcoal
- ZIVFT
63Nicotine:
- [blank_start]transdermal[blank_end] [blank_start]patches[blank_end] have [blank_start]significant[blank_end] amount of nicotine even following use
- [blank_start]cholinergic[blank_end] [blank_start]R[blank_end] [blank_start]agonist[blank_end]
- toxic effects develop [blank_start]rapidly[blank_end] after ingestion
- low dose = [blank_start]stimulant[blank_end] of CNS + PNS
- high dose = [blank_start]depressant[blank_end] of CNS + PNS
- [blank_start]buccal[blank_end] [blank_start]exposure[blank_end] can cause [blank_start]SEVERE[blank_end], rapid [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end] (SBP up to 400 mmHg)
- gastric [blank_start]decontamination[blank_end], activated [blank_start]charcoal[blank_end] (every [blank_start]6[blank_end] hours), cathartic, IVFT, [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end], [blank_start]endoscopic[blank_end] patch [blank_start]removal[blank_end]- Atransdermal
- Bpatches
- Csignificant
- Dcholinergic
- ER
- Fagonist
- Grapidly
- Hslowly
- Istimulant
- Jdepressant
- Kbuccal
- Lexposure
- MSEVERE
- NMODERATE
- Ohypertension
- Pdecontamination
- Qcharcoal
- R6
- S4
- Tdiazepam
- Uendoscopic
- Vremoval
64Alcohol/Ethanol:
- beer, wine, distilled [blank_start]spirits[blank_end], mouthwashes, [blank_start]hand[blank_end] [blank_start]sanitizers[blank_end], [blank_start]raw[blank_end] [blank_start]bread[blank_end] (contains [blank_start]yeast[blank_end] which can [blank_start]liberate[blank_end] [blank_start]ethanol[blank_end] when [blank_start]ingested[blank_end])
- [blank_start]rapid[blank_end] onset of clinical signs = [blank_start]ataxia[blank_end] within [blank_start]15-30[blank_end] [blank_start]mins[blank_end]
- following ataxia = vomiting, [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] [blank_start]depression[blank_end], hypothermia, [blank_start]hypoglycaemia[blank_end]
- ethanol metabolised + [blank_start]H+[blank_end] ions released = [blank_start]metabolic[blank_end] [blank_start]acidosis[blank_end]
- treatment = [blank_start]supportive[blank_end]
- activated charcoal [blank_start]not useful[blank_end]- Aspirits
- Bhand
- Csanitizers
- Draw
- Ebread
- Fyeast
- Gliberate
- Hethanol
- Iingested
- Jrapid
- Kslow
- Lataxia
- M15-30
- Nmins
- Ohours
- P2-3
- Q5-10
- R30-60
- SCNS
- Tdepression
- Uhypoglycaemia
- Vhyperglycaemia
- WH+
- Xmetabolic
- Yacidosis
- Zalkalosis
- AAsupportive
- ABnot useful
- ACuseful
65Cocaine:
- [blank_start]well[blank_end] [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] from all [blank_start]mucosal[blank_end] [blank_start]surfaces[blank_end]
- [blank_start]strong[blank_end] [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] [blank_start]stimulant[blank_end]
- [blank_start]blocks[blank_end] [blank_start]reuptake[blank_end] of [blank_start]serotonin[blank_end] + norepinephrine
- initially [blank_start]restless[blank_end] + hyperactive
- [blank_start]hyperthermia[blank_end] can be severe
- [blank_start]increased[blank_end] muscular activity
- respiratory/[blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] [blank_start]arrest[blank_end] + hyperthermia may be [blank_start]fatal[blank_end]
- [blank_start]symptomatic[blank_end]/supportive therapy (decontamination)
- [blank_start]tremors[blank_end] can be controlled with [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end], chlorpromazine or [blank_start]phenobarbitone[blank_end]- Awell
- Babsorbed
- Cmucosal
- Dsurfaces
- Estrong
- FCNS
- Gstimulant
- Hblocks
- Ireuptake
- Jserotonin
- Krestless
- Lhyperthermia
- Mhypothermia
- Nincreased
- Odecreased
- Pcardiac
- Qarrest
- Rfatal
- Ssymptomatic
- Ttremors
- Udiazepam
- Vphenobarbitone
66Amphetamines:
- [blank_start]well[blank_end] [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] orally, reaches [blank_start]peak[blank_end] [blank_start]plasma[blank_end] [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] in [blank_start]1-3[blank_end] [blank_start]hours[blank_end]
- [blank_start]metabolites[blank_end] excreted in [blank_start]urine[blank_end]
- has [blank_start]stimulant[blank_end] effect on [blank_start]cerebral[blank_end] [blank_start]cortex[blank_end] = acts as [blank_start]dopamine[blank_end] [blank_start]excitatory[blank_end] [blank_start]R[blank_end] [blank_start]agonist[blank_end] = [blank_start]serotonin[blank_end] release
- [blank_start]restlessness[blank_end], hyperactivity, tachypnoea, hyperthermia, [blank_start]arrhythmias[blank_end], tremors, respiratory [blank_start]depression[blank_end], heart [blank_start]block[blank_end], circulatory [blank_start]shock[blank_end], seizures, death
- [blank_start]supportive[blank_end] therapy (emesis, gastric lavage, charcoal, cathartic, IVFT)
- [blank_start]ACP[blank_end] for excitability, seizures = NOT [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end] - can [blank_start]exacerbate[blank_end] the stimulatory signs- Awell
- Babsorbed
- Cpeak
- Dplasma
- Econcentration
- F1-3
- Ghours
- Hminutes
- I3-5
- Jmetabolites
- Kurine
- Lstimulant
- Mcerebral
- Ncortex
- Odopamine
- Pexcitatory
- QR
- Ragonist
- Sserotonin
- Trestlessness
- Uarrhythmias
- Vdepression
- Wblock
- Xshock
- Ysupportive
- ZACP
- AAdiazepam
- ABexacerbate
67Heroin/Narcotics:
- [blank_start]drowsiness[blank_end], ataxia, [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] [blank_start]pain[blank_end] [blank_start]perception[blank_end], transient excitation, emesis, [blank_start]defaecation[blank_end], tachypnoea
- progressing to [blank_start]delirium[blank_end], seizures, miosis, [blank_start]coma[blank_end], respiratory depression, hypotension, pulmonary oedema, [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] [blank_start]arrest[blank_end], death
- [blank_start]supportive[blank_end] treatment
- [blank_start]naloxone[blank_end] to effect ([blank_start]pure[blank_end] [blank_start]competitive[blank_end] [blank_start]mu[blank_end] [blank_start]receptor[blank_end] [blank_start]antagonist[blank_end])- Adrowsiness
- Bdecreased
- Cpain
- Dperception
- Edefaecation
- Fincreased
- Gdelirium
- Hcoma
- Irespiratory
- Jarrest
- Ksupportive
- Lnaloxone
- Mpure
- Ncompetitive
- Omu
- Preceptor
- Qantagonist
- Ragonist
68Tremorgenic Mycotoxins:
- [blank_start]molds[blank_end] of [blank_start]penicillium[blank_end] - grow on [blank_start]spoiled[blank_end] [blank_start]food[blank_end]
- toxin's exact mechanism [blank_start]unknown[blank_end]
- onset of action = [blank_start]minutes[blank_end] to [blank_start]hours[blank_end]
- vomiting, diarrhoea, tremors, [blank_start]seizures[blank_end], agitation, ataxia, [blank_start]excessive[blank_end] [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] [blank_start]activity[blank_end] = [blank_start]lactic[blank_end] [blank_start]acidosis[blank_end]
- [blank_start]rhabdomyolysis[blank_end] = myoglobinaemia = [blank_start]kidney[blank_end] [blank_start]damage[blank_end]
- severe [blank_start]hyperthermia[blank_end]
- treatment = emesis, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end], IVFT- Amolds
- Bpenicillium
- Cspoiled
- Dfood
- Eunknown
- Fminutes
- Ghours
- Hseconds
- Iseizures
- Jexcessive
- Kmuscle
- Lactivity
- Mlactic
- Nacidosis
- Orhabdomyolysis
- Pkidney
- Qdamage
- Rhyperthermia
- Shypothermia
- Tdiazepam
69Lead:
- [blank_start]carried[blank_end] by [blank_start]RBCs[blank_end] (<1-2% [blank_start]bound[blank_end] to [blank_start]albumin[blank_end] or [blank_start]free[blank_end])
- [blank_start]distributes[blank_end] [blank_start]widely[blank_end] = brain, bone, kidney, liver, spleen, lungs
- [blank_start]impairs[blank_end] [blank_start]heam[blank_end] [blank_start]synthesis[blank_end], GIT signs, [blank_start]CNS[blank_end] signs
- [blank_start]anaemia[blank_end], [blank_start]basophilic[blank_end] [blank_start]stippling[blank_end], [blank_start]nucleated[blank_end] RBCs
- can [blank_start]measure[blank_end] blood levels ([blank_start]fluctuate[blank_end])
- treatment:
= [blank_start]decontamination[blank_end] (emesis, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, cathartic, [blank_start]bath[blank_end] if [blank_start]grooming[blank_end] behaviour [blank_start]caused[blank_end] [blank_start]intoxication[blank_end] etc)
= [blank_start]chelation[blank_end] [blank_start]therapy[blank_end] (not if [blank_start]asymptomatic[blank_end]) - [blank_start]CaEDTA[blank_end] or penicillamine- Acarried
- BRBCs
- Calbumin
- Dbound
- Efree
- Fdistributes
- Gwidely
- Himpairs
- Iheam
- Jsynthesis
- KCNS
- Lbasophilic
- Mstippling
- Nnucleated
- Oanaemia
- Pmeasure
- Qfluctuate
- Rdecontamination
- Sbath
- Tgrooming
- Ucaused
- Vintoxication
- Wchelation
- Xtherapy
- Yasymptomatic
- ZCaEDTA
Informações
- Descrição
- Management of Disease Quiz sobre Toxicology, criado por Rhiannon Llwyd em 27-04-2020.
- Autor
- Rhiannon Llwyd
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 0
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