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Developmental Psychology

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Developmental Psychology Quiz
emking23
Quiz por emking23, atualizado more than 1 year ago
emking23
Criado por emking23 aproximadamente 9 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
What percentage of species of chordates also have backbones?
Responda
  • 94%
  • 97%
  • 92%
  • 67%

Questão 2

Questão
What is the name for the "great chain of being"
Responda
  • Human Naturae
  • Hierarchy of needs
  • Scala naturae
  • ur mom

Questão 3

Questão
In which order are the stages of prenatal development?
Responda
  • The germinal period, the period of the embryo, the period of the foetus
  • The germinal period, the period of the foetus, the period of the embryo
  • The period of the embryo, the period of the foetus, the germinal period

Questão 4

Questão
In which order are the stages of prenatal development? (detailed)
Responda
  • Sperm cell fertilizes egg in fallopian tube --> fuses to form zygote --> blastocyst --> blastocyst implants to wall of uterus --> stem cells --> multiplies forming a morula --> cell differentiation --> responds to different types of stimulation
  • Sperm cell fertilizes egg in fallopian tube --> fuses to form zygote --> multiplies forming a morula --> stem cells --> blastocyst --> blastocyst implants to wall of uterus --> cell differentiation --> responds to different types of stimulation

Questão 5

Questão
What is a teratogen?
Responda
  • A type of differentiated cell
  • A substance that causes birth defects
  • A made up object name used in language learning studies
  • A deformed embryo

Questão 6

Questão
What drug developed in 1954 caused birth defects in 2,000 cases in the UK?
Responda
  • Thalodine
  • Tetarogen
  • Thalidomide
  • Dethalomide

Questão 7

Questão
Which are effects of foetal alcohol syndrome? (3 are not)
Responda
  • Distorted facial features
  • Enlarged brain
  • Webbed toes
  • Effects on nervous system
  • Microcephaly (problems with vision and hearing)
  • Severe learning difficulties
  • Poor fine motor skills
  • Brain doesn't fully develop

Questão 8

Questão
Which finding by DeCasper and Spence (1986) found that learning occurs in the womb?
Responda
  • Babies' preference for their own name
  • Babies' preference for their mother's voice
  • Babies' preference for their mother's voice
  • Babies' preference for familiar over novel stories

Questão 9

Questão
Endothermy means
Responda
  • "cold-blooded"
  • "warm-blooded"
  • "sensitive nerve endings"
  • "evil"

Questão 10

Questão
Baby reflexes are similar to that of chimpanzees
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 11

Questão
Babies' brains weigh 400g at birth and grow to 1300g
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 12

Questão
Synaptogenesis is
Responda
  • The breakdown of connections between neurons
  • The formation of new connections between neurons
  • The formation of new neurons

Questão 13

Questão
The realisation that all sets of N objects have something in common is known as...
Responda
  • Subitising
  • numerical equality
  • numerical inequality
  • counting commonalities

Questão 14

Questão
At what age to infants appear to have a sense of numerical equality?
Responda
  • 5 months
  • 6 months
  • 1 year
  • 2 years

Questão 15

Questão
After what age to infants show precise representation of sets of objects larger than 3?
Responda
  • 1-2 years
  • 2-3 years
  • 3-4 years
  • 4-5 years

Questão 16

Questão
In some experiments, infants show surprise when objects are added or subtracted behind a screen. This is known as the...
Responda
  • Violation of expectancy paradigm
  • Theory of Mind
  • Violation of norms paradigm
  • Scale Error

Questão 17

Questão
What is subitizing?
Responda
  • The process of counting a group of objects
  • The process of learning an object name as it is the only object in that group that does not already have a known label
  • The process by which adults and children can look at a few objects and almost immediately know how many objects are present
  • The process of estimating the size of a group

Questão 18

Questão
At 6 months, what size ratios can children understand?
Responda
  • 2:1
  • 2:3
  • 2:5
  • 2:7

Questão 19

Questão
By what age can most children count to 10?
Responda
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

Questão 20

Questão
Which of the following are the basic principles underlying counting (pick 5)
Responda
  • 1 to 1 correspondence (1 object per number word)
  • Stable order (always recite in the same order)
  • Cardinality (N = last number)
  • Even (all numbers are even)
  • Order irrelevance (left to right = right to left)
  • Odd (all numbers are odd)
  • Abstraction (any set can be counted)

Questão 21

Questão
Siegler proposed the balance scale problem. He suggested that there are 4 stages in problem solving. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages.
Responda
  • Preschoolers notice weight on each side (ignoring distance)
  • School children focus on weight except when both sides are equal
  • School children focus on distance except when both sides are equal
  • Adolescents can consider both weight and distance but if both are unequal they get confused
  • A few adolescents master the concept of torque

Questão 22

Questão
What method of changing synaptic strength builds on the principles of Hebbian learning? ("neurons that fire together wire together")
Responda
  • Collectivism
  • Connectionism
  • Correctivism
  • Conjunctivitus

Questão 23

Questão
Which of the following is NOT true about Connectionism?
Responda
  • It can be applied to Piaget's theory of development
  • It suggests that gradual changes in synaptic weights can lead to stage-like changes in behaviour
  • It can be applied to Siegler's balance scale model
  • It suggests that developmental scientists should try to build models that mimic how children learn in particular situations, and examine the performance of the neural network model to see if the child might be using the same processing "rules"

Questão 24

Questão
Which is NOT true about children's counting strategy choice?
Responda
  • At any one age, children use multiple strategies
  • Age and experience leads to children relying on most advanced/accurate strategies
  • "Min" strategy involves adding 2 numbers by starting at the larger of the 2 to save mental effort
  • Siegler and Jenkins (1989) found that kids often attempted strategies that violated the principles of addition

Questão 25

Questão
Which is NOT one of the three types of variability in problem solving proposed by Siegler?
Responda
  • Between individuals on related problems
  • Within an individual on related problems
  • Within an individual on the same problem twice
  • Within a single trial

Questão 26

Questão
What has been argued to be at the heart of language and cognitive development?
Responda
  • Infant Categorisation
  • Infant Face Perception
  • Infant Gender Development
  • Infant Moral Development

Questão 27

Questão
What does Quinn (2003) say categorisation is?
Responda
  • When observers respond in a different manner to equivalent stimuli
  • When observers respond in an equivalent manner to descriminably different stimuli
  • When observers respond in an equivalent manner to equivalent stimuli
  • When observers give all objects in a category the same name

Questão 28

Questão
Which of these is a benefit of categorisation?
Responda
  • Efificient processing
  • Ease of encoding/retrieval
  • Structure for language
  • Knowledge of new exemplars
  • All of the above

Questão 29

Questão
Which of the following stimulus groups have infants not been found to categorise?
Responda
  • Colour (Franklin & Davies 2004)
  • Speech (Elmas et al 1971)
  • Spatial relations (Quinn 1994)
  • Potatoes (Farmer 1985)
  • Faces (Ramsey et al 2004)
  • Animals (Quinn et al 1993)

Questão 30

Questão
Showing an infant something repeatedly until their looking decreases, then showing them something novel and seeing if their interest reinstates, is using which method?
Responda
  • Habituation & Novelty preference
  • Generalised Imitation
  • Sequential Touching
  • Mobile Contingency/Conditioned Leg Kicking

Questão 31

Questão
Method particularly important for older children where children are shown a model animal or vehicle and a given action e.g. dog sips from cup, and test child's generalisation of the action?
Responda
  • Habituation & Novelty preference
  • Generalised Imitation
  • Sequential Touching
  • Mobile contingency/conditioned leg kicking

Questão 32

Questão
Method involving analysing the order in which stimuli are touched and played with?
Responda
  • Habituation & Novelty Preference
  • Generalised Imitation
  • Sequential touching
  • Mobile Contingency / Conditioned Leg Kicking

Questão 33

Questão
Method which involves measuring baseline kicking with a ribbon attached to baby's foot, and then attaching ribbon to mobile so that infant kicking activates it.
Responda
  • Habituation & Novelty Preference
  • Generalised Imitation
  • Sequential Touching
  • Mobile contingency / Conditioned Leg Kicking

Questão 34

Questão
Santrock (1998) found that the age of puberty has increased dramatically over the last few hundred years.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 35

Questão
Puberty begins about 2-3 years earlier for boys than for girls
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 36

Questão
Wright (1989) found that there is least satisfaction with body image during puberty, and Brooks-gunn and Paikoff (1993) found that girls are less satisfied than boys.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 37

Questão
Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that intrinsic stress of pubertal change will cause distress during the period of most rapid change?
Responda
  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth 1987)
  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin, 1980)
  • Early timing hypothesis (Stattin & Magnusson, 1990)

Questão 38

Questão
Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that events which are encountered earlier than expected will lead to distress?
Responda
  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth, 1987)
  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin, 1980)
  • Early timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Questão 39

Questão
Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that early development (especially in girls) will lead to distress?
Responda
  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth, 1987)
  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin 1980)
  • Early-timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Questão 40

Questão
Research by Capsi and Moffitt (1991) into predicting girls' behavioural problems from the age of menarche supports which pubertal timing hypothesis?
Responda
  • Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth 1987)
  • Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin 1980)
  • Early-timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Questão 41

Questão
Which of the following is true? (pick 5)
Responda
  • Girls dislike maturing early
  • Girls who mature early tend to be more social
  • Girls who mature early tend to have poor body image
  • Girls who mature early tend to have higher self esteem
  • Boys who mature early tend to have higher self esteem
  • Boys like maturing early
  • Girls who mature early tend to be more likely to engage in risky behaviours

Questão 42

Questão
Larson et al (1996) found that older adolescents spent less than half the time with their families as younger adolescents did, and that mediators of this decline in family time were external e.g. job, driving, peer activities
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 43

Questão
Over the past 30 years there has been a steady increase in juvenile delinquency and also a steady increase in parental monitoring
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 44

Questão
Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who after a period of exploration emerge with firm identity commitments?
Responda
  • Identity achievement
  • Moratorium
  • Foreclosure
  • Identity diffusion

Questão 45

Questão
Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice?
Responda
  • Identity achievement
  • Moratorium
  • Foreclosure
  • Identity Diffusion

Questão 46

Questão
Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who have adopted the identities prescribed to them without ever exploring options or experiencing an identity crisis?
Responda
  • Identity achievement
  • Moratorium
  • Foreclosure
  • Identity diffusion

Questão 47

Questão
Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who have little sense of commitment and are not actively seeking to make decisions?
Responda
  • Identity Achievement
  • Moratorium
  • Foreclosure
  • Identity diffusion

Questão 48

Questão
Which statement about parental influences on identity development is NOT true?
Responda
  • Attachment with freedom to voice opinions --> achievement / moratorium
  • Overly close bonds without separation --> foreclosure
  • Low warmth with open communication --> diffusion
  • High warmth but low communication --> achievement

Questão 49

Questão
Which description is NOT one of the 3-way typology of children proposed by Thomas and Chess in their Pediatric approach?
Responda
  • Easy: - applies to 40% of infants - Regular routines, positive in terms of approaching new situations, adaptable, happy, not too intense in reactivity
  • Difficult: - About 10% of infants - Opposite of easy
  • Slow-to-warm-up: - About 15% of infants - Find change tricky, wary of new situations and new people, negative reaction to these kinds of changes and tend to not be so positive or vibrant in their mood
  • Slow-to-cool-down: - About 5% of infants - Find change tricky, almost never have naps, very active, anger issues

Questão 50

Questão
What are the two defining characteristics of the Personality Tradition approach to child temperament? (Buss and Plomin)
Responda
  • Traits are genetic in origin and appear in infancy
  • Traits are genetic in origin and appear in adolescence
  • Traits are a product of the environment and appear in infancy
  • Traits are a product of the environment and appear in adolescence

Questão 51

Questão
Which is NOT a constituent of the personality tradition approach to child temperament? (Buss and Plomin)
Responda
  • Emotionality
  • Activity
  • Sociability
  • Irritability

Questão 52

Questão
The individual differences approach to child temperament was proposed by Rothbart and Bates (1998)
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 53

Questão
Korn's (1984) study into the stability of temperament using an extension of THomas and Chess's NY longitudinal study into adulthood found...
Responda
  • A moderate prediction of "difficulty" from age 3-4 to adulthood (r=.31 and .37) and a substantial prediction of difficulty from adolescence to adulthood (r=.62)
  • A substantial prediction of difficulty from age 3-4 to adulthood (r=.62) and a moderate prediction of difficulty from adolescence to adulthood (r=.31, r=.37)
  • Inconclusive results

Questão 54

Questão
Buss and Plomin (1984) found that emotionality, activity and sociability are the most heritable temperament traits with Mz twins more similar in these traits than Dz twins
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 55

Questão
The bias caused by the fact that parents know their children so well and so may report larger differences between their twins' temperaments is known as...
Responda
  • Rating bias
  • Attachment bias
  • Heritability Bias
  • Parent Bias

Questão 56

Questão
Taken as a whole, temperament is moderately influenced by genetic factors, and this estimate is similar across age
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 57

Questão
Stability in temperament is mediated primarily by genetic factors, whereas environmental factors account for much change seen from age to age (e.g. plomin 1993)
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 58

Questão
In Thomas and Chess's goodness/poorness of fit concept, what leads to a "goodness of fit"?
Responda
  • When child's capacities, motivations and temperament are adequate to master the demands, expectations and opportunities of the environment
  • When child's characteristics are inadequate to master the challenges of the environment, and this leads to maladaptive functioning and distorted development

Questão 59

Questão
4 month olds have been shown to have preference for novel category bodies rather than novel category heads
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 60

Questão
Younger (1990) found evidence for which aspect of infant categorisation?
Responda
  • Focus on certain features
  • Correlate features
  • Feature distributions
  • Prototype formation

Questão 61

Questão
French et al (2004) found that infants use "frequency distributions" to form categories
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 62

Questão
Younger (1990) found that infants classify unseen prototypes as category members more than a familiar, less typical example. This is an example of...
Responda
  • Prototype formation
  • Focus on certain features
  • Correlating features
  • Feature distributions

Questão 63

Questão
Children with autism find it more difficult to tell the difference between cats and dogs
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 64

Questão
Which aspects of development would be atypical if there was a deficit in categorisation? (pick)
Responda
  • Language
  • Social situations
  • Stereotyping
  • Motor development
  • Memory
  • Temperament

Questão 65

Questão
Which is NOT a key finding relating to child temperament and attachment?
Responda
  • Children's temperamental characteristics do play a role in attachment secrity (Vaughn et al, 1992)
  • Infants who are more distressed by the removal of a dummy are more likely to form insecure attachments (Bell, Weller & Waldrop 1971)
  • Temperament may be as important as maternal sensitivity in predicting attachment security (Seifer et al 1996)
  • Infants who burp more generally have a more calm temperament (Wilson et al 2002)

Questão 66

Questão
The temperamental compnonent that is predictive of attachment security is...
Responda
  • Negative reactivity
  • Positive reactivity
  • Event related potential
  • Maternal sensitivity

Questão 67

Questão
Who found the following?: - Intensive study of 49 families at 6,9,12 months on 24 occasions - At 6 months, maternal sensitivity correlated .30 w/ Q sort security, but at 9 months was .20 (ns) - Observer temperament and mother's report of difficulty were moderately associated with secuirty at 6/9/12 months - Maternal sensitivity no longer predicted attachment security after temperament was accounted for
Responda
  • Siefer et al (1996)
  • van de Boom (1994)

Questão 68

Questão
Who found the following? - Intervention study of 100 "irritable" first born infants - At 9 months, intervention group mothers were more responsive, stimulating, visually attentive & controlling of their infants' behaviour - Infant temperament had also changed. Infants became more sociable, self-soothing, more exploration, less crying than controls
Responda
  • van de Boom (1994)
  • Siefer (1996)

Questão 69

Questão
What is one important limitation of van de Boom (1994)'s study into maternal sensitivty and child temperament?
Responda
  • When parenting in a stressful, economically deprived circumstance, having somebody come and talk to you for a few hours could make a really big difference. Therefore maternal sensitivty could have been compounded by social support.
  • The sample size wasn't large enough
  • Mother's ratings of child temperament may have been subjective as they know their children better than other children

Questão 70

Questão
What was NOT a key finding of Prior (1992) regarding child temperament and adjustment?
Responda
  • Relationships between temperament and adjustment are generally moderate in strength; prediction from infancy is weak, increasing by early childhood
  • Difficult and active babies are at increased risk for colic, sleep problems, excessive crying and abdominal pain
  • Temperamental difficulty is associated with both externalising and internalising problems
  • Temperament may be as important as maternal sensitivity in predicting attachment security

Questão 71

Questão
What did Capsi et al (1995) in their study on temperament and behaviour problems find to be the best predictor of behavioural problems? (especially externalising problems)
Responda
  • Lack of control
  • Approach
  • Sluggishness

Questão 72

Questão
Which is NOT true about Mischel, Shoda and Rodriguez' (!989) study into delayed gratification?
Responda
  • Tests of delayed gratification in preschool reveal important individual differences
  • By asolescence, preschoolers able to delay gratification were less socially and economically competent
  • The ability to delay gratification even predicted goal-setting when ppts reached their early 30s

Questão 73

Questão
In which culture did DeVries (!984) find babies to hold an evolutionary advantage under harsh drought conditions?
Responda
  • Maasai
  • Ashanti
  • Bobo
  • Mandika

Questão 74

Questão
The process of the eyes following a movement and at a certain point snapping back is known as the...
Responda
  • OKN repsonse
  • KON response
  • NKO response
  • ONK response

Questão 75

Questão
Which method of measuring infant visual acuity involves recording neural activity from scalp using electrodes, in response to a checkerboard pattern getting smaller and smaller?
Responda
  • OKN method
  • Visual Evoked Potentials
  • Event related potentials
  • MRI scan

Questão 76

Questão
Goren et al (1975) found that infants show preferential tracking of faces at 1 hour old!
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 77

Questão
Which model of face perception suggests that it is an innate mechanism which is not dependant on experience, and that it directs attention to stimuli with face-like configurations, locking you onto a face?
Responda
  • CONSPEC system
  • CONLERN system
  • OKN system

Questão 78

Questão
Which system of face perception is cortical and enables you to learn from faces? i.e. is dependant on experience
Responda
  • CONSPEC system
  • CONLERN system
  • OKN system

Questão 79

Questão
Maci et al (2004) found that infants have non-specific biases to look at which type of stimuli?
Responda
  • Top-heavy
  • Bottom-heavy
  • Symmetrical
  • Inverted

Questão 80

Questão
Fantz and Miranda (1975) found that newborns have preferences for straight over curved edges
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 81

Questão
What has NOT been found about newborn's preference for mother's face?
Responda
  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if mother is not talking to baby at the time (Field et al 1984)
  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if olfactory cues are masked (Bushnell et al 1989)
  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if they are shown a video of it (Walton et al 1992)
  • Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if a man in drag is standing next to her dressed in her clothes (Tranny et al 1995)

Questão 82

Questão
Which are examples of when infants do NOT show preference for mother's face? (pick 2)
Responda
  • If mother and stranger wear headscarf (Pascalis et al 1995)
  • If mother prevented from previously talking to infant (Saj 2005)
  • If mother speaks in a foreign language (de Sprek 1999)
  • If mother stands upside down (Flip et al 2003)
  • If mother stands holding hands with a man in drag (Tranny et al 1995)

Questão 83

Questão
Kelly et al (2007) found that children lose the ability to discriminate faces of other racial groups as you develop due to perceptual narrowing.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 84

Questão
Pascalis et al (2005) found that infants could discriminate new macaque faces at 6 months with no previous exposure, but at 9 months could only discriminate new macaque faces if they had been exposed to macaque faces previously.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 85

Questão
Which is NOT true about Sugita (2008,2009)'s studies into face exposure in monkeys?
Responda
  • It found that face deprived monkeys look longer at human and monkey faces than objects
  • It found that face deprived monkeys can discriminate human and monkey faces using features or configural properties
  • It found that control group monkeys who have not been face deprived only look longger at monkey faces than objects, and can only discriminate monkey faces
  • It found that after exposure to either a human or monkey face for 1 month, monkeys prefered the species of the face they were NOT exposed to
  • It found that after exposure to either a human or monkey face for 1 month, monkeys can only discriminate the species of the face they were exposed to
  • It found that after a year of seeing both human and monkey faces, monkeys preferred the species of face initially exposed to
  • It found that after a year of seeing both human and monkey faces, monkeys could only discriminate the species of face they were initially exposed to

Questão 86

Questão
Le Grand et al (2001) found that children/adults who had congenital cataracts at birth had a deficit later in life when discriminating faces on the basis of configural diffs (but can do it if features differ).
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 87

Questão
Slater et al (1998) found that newborns look longer at unattractive faces than attractive faces
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 88

Questão
Langlois et al (1990) found that attractiveness effects social interaction at 12 months. Compared to the unattractive mask condition, the attractive mask makes infants....
Responda
  • Play less with stranger
  • Use greater affective tone
  • Exhibit more withdrawal

Questão 89

Questão
What is one criticism of Langlois et al (1990)'s study into how attractiveness effect social interaction?
Responda
  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using social referencing
  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using subitizing
  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using mirroring
  • The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using scaffolding

Questão 90

Questão
Duuren et al 2003 found that infants look longer at attractive baby faces than unattractive baby faces
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 91

Questão
Quinn et al (2008) found that 3-4 month olds look longer at attractive than unattractive cats and tigers
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 92

Questão
Slater et al (2000) found that infants look longer at attractive than unattractive inverted faces
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 93

Questão
Langlois et al (1994) found average (prototypical) faces to be less attractive
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 94

Questão
Rhodes et al (2002) found that 5-8 month olds look longest at least average and less symmetrical faces
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 95

Questão
Field et al (1983) found that observers can guess a model's expression based on an infant's expression, suggesting that newborns are sensitive to emotion in faces
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 96

Questão
McClure (2000) found that male infants are better at detecting expressions than females
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 97

Questão
Infants of depressed mothers have been foundto be less sensitive to fearful/happy face distinctions
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 98

Questão
Walker-Andrews et al found that infants looked longer at emotionally congruent stimuli (happy face with happy voice etc). This is suggestive of the fact that...
Responda
  • Infants have an understanding of emotion
  • Infants have preference for happy over angry faces
  • Infants have own race bias
  • Infants prefer symmetry

Questão 99

Questão
Which of the following was one of the ways in which infants showed appropriate behaviours in response to facial expressions in the study by Serrano et al (1995)
Responda
  • Approach movement (head, trunk, limbs move towards face) & smiling if happy face
  • Avoidance behaviour (head, trunk, limbs, move towards chair) & frowning & protruding lips if angry face
  • No response if neutral face
  • All of the above

Questão 100

Questão
Autistic children soothe by repetitive motion rather than seeking comfort from somebody else
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 101

Questão
Baron Cohen et al (2001) found that autistic children show a poorer performance on the "reading in the minds eye" test
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 102

Questão
Klin et al (1992) found that ASD adolescents spend more time looking at mouths, bodies and inanimate objects than eyes. They could be worse at reading emotion due to tuning into the eyes less.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 103

Questão
Rigby and Hancock (2009) found that children with williams syndrome spend more time looking at the rest of a scene than faces, whereas ASD children spend all their time looking at faces whilst ignoring the rest of the scene.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 104

Questão
Rigby and Hancock's (2009) findings suggest that there is a link between your preference for looking at faces and how social you are as a person
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 105

Questão
Which component of variance influences genetic factors?
Responda
  • Heritability (A, h^2)
  • Shared environment (C, c^2)
  • Non shared environment (E, e^2)

Questão 106

Questão
Which component of variance encompasses any environmental influences which contribute to the similarity between co-twins?
Responda
  • Heritability (A, h^2)
  • Shared environment (C, c^2)
  • Non-shared environment (E, e^2)

Questão 107

Questão
Which component of genetic variance encompasses any aspect of environmental influence than makes co-twins different from each other?
Responda
  • Heritability (A, h^2)
  • Shared environment (C, c^2)
  • Non-shared environment (E, e^2)

Questão 108

Questão
What is the formula used to calculate heritability?
Responda
  • = 2(rMz - rDz)
  • =rMz-h^2
  • =1-rMZ
  • = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

Questão 109

Questão
What is the formula used to calculate shared environment?
Responda
  • = 2(rMz - rDz)
  • = rMz - h^2
  • = 1 - rMz
  • = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

Questão 110

Questão
What is the formula used to calculate non-shared environment?
Responda
  • = 2(rMz - rDz)
  • = rMz-h^2
  • = 1 - rMz
  • = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

Questão 111

Questão
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Responda
  • For weight, heritability increases over time and shared environment decreases over time
  • The heritability of weight increases from ~0% in infancy to ~75% in later adulthood
  • For intelligence, heritability decreases and shared environment increases over time
  • The heritability of intelligence increases from ~20% in infancy to ~80% in later adulthood

Questão 112

Questão
Which of the following is a hypothesis regarding potential reasons for increasing heritability / decreasing enivronmental effects of traits such as weight and intelligence?
Responda
  • Role of specific genes may increase with age, or new genes may come into play at stages of development
  • People choose their environment and are more in control of their environment in older age
  • Both of the above

Questão 113

Questão
in ADHD, both change and stability from age 8 to 13 years are largely due to genetic factors
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 114

Questão
What is the name for the co-occurance of 2 disablities/disorders?
Responda
  • Comorbidity
  • Codisorder
  • Cominority
  • Congeniality

Questão 115

Questão
Kendler et al (1992) has found that major depression and anxiety disorders are all explained by genetic factors and non-shared environmental factors
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 116

Questão
Davis et al (2009) have found that genetic correlations in learning disabilities are very high - around 90%
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 117

Questão
Which statement about genetic variation is FALSE?
Responda
  • Genetic variation contributes to individual differences in behavioural traits
  • The human genome is built with 3 billion base pairs
  • More than 99% of the DNA sequence is the same for everybody
  • Only 1% of the DNA sequence is variable
  • There is not a lot of variability in humans' genetic make-up

Questão 118

Questão
Genetic ___________: the genetic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits
Responda
  • Pleiotropy
  • Phenotripy
  • Plasticity
  • Plurality

Questão 119

Questão
Which hypothesis of polygenic traits states that in rare cases, one gene causes a disorder (only in about 1% of cases)
Responda
  • One gene, one disorder hypothesis
  • Quantitative loci hypothesis

Questão 120

Questão
Which hypothesis of polygenic traits states that many genes with variations come together, and that a combination of these causes mental retardation?
Responda
  • One gene, one disorder hypothesis
  • Quantitative loci hypothesis

Questão 121

Questão
What is the name of Aristotle's theory that suggests prenatal development begins as animals further down the chain of being e.g. "fish like" stage?
Responda
  • Recapitulation theory
  • Reciprocal theory
  • Reiteration theory
  • Re-enactment Theory

Questão 122

Questão
Which type of differentiated cell makes up the nervous system, teeth, fingernails etc?
Responda
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm

Questão 123

Questão
Which type of differentiated cell makes up muscles, bones, circulatory system, inner surface of skin?
Responda
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm

Questão 124

Questão
Which type of differentiated cell makes up the gastrointestinal tracts, organs etc?
Responda
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm

Questão 125

Questão
Sensory deprivation studies such as that by Hubert and Wiesel which involved sewing shut eyes of kittens found that vision is...
Responda
  • ...innate
  • ...dependent on experience

Questão 126

Questão
Which of the following is support for critical periods in development?
Responda
  • Recess monkeys with wire cage mother and soft mother grew up with terrible social deficits
  • Accents
  • Neglected 3 year olds have undeveloped brainds
  • PET scans of 9 year old romanian orphans show reduced glucose activity in prefrontal and temporal regions
  • All of the above

Questão 127

Questão
Which are three key components regarding babies in Trevarten's theory of inter-subjectivity?
Responda
  • Contemplation of itself
  • Manipulation of objects
  • Communication with others
  • Moral development
  • Temperament

Questão 128

Questão
Manipulation of objects is related to which mode of Trevarthen's theory of intersubjectivity?
Responda
  • Communication mode
  • Praxic Mode
  • Developmental mode
  • Manipulation mode

Questão 129

Questão
What is the name for the phenomena that newborn infants can imitate facial expressions?
Responda
  • Neonatal reflex
  • Neonatal development
  • Neonatal imitation
  • Neonatal participation

Questão 130

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of Trevarthen's development stages and the associated Piagetian stage?
Responda
  • Reflexes / reflexes (0-2 months)
  • Primary intersubjectivity / primary circular reactions (2-4 months)
  • Secondary intersubjectivity / secondary circular reactions (5-8 months)
  • Epoch of games / secondary circular reactions (5-8 months)
  • Secondary intersubjectivity/ co-ordiated secondary circular reactions; tertiary circular reactions

Questão 131

Questão
Most neo-natal reflexes eventually drop out as the higher brain takes over control
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 132

Questão
Which stage of Trevathen's developmental stages does this describe?..... 6-8 weeks of age babies become interested in people and objects display focused, diatic engagements with people and objects, although are primarily oriented toward interplay with people
Responda
  • Primary intersubjectivity
  • Epoch of games
  • Secondary inter-subjectivity
  • Neonatal reflexes

Questão 133

Questão
What is the name for the procedure where mums face their babies and after a cue from the experimenter adopts a still face void of emotion, which causes distress in the infant?
Responda
  • Still-face procedure
  • Emotionless procedure
  • Emotional cuing procedure
  • Standard procedure

Questão 134

Questão
Which of Trevarthen's stages of development does this describe..? Baby becomes object oriented behaves systematically differently between people and objects treats mother like an object
Responda
  • Primary intersubjectivity
  • Epoch of games
  • Secondary intersubjectivity
  • Neonatal reflexes

Questão 135

Questão
What are the three domains of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity?
Responda
  • Social referencing
  • Joint attention
  • Intentional communication
  • Emotionality
  • Stability

Questão 136

Questão
Which of the three domains of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe? Use of the emotional signals of a social partner to influence approach/avoidance to a novel object.
Responda
  • Social referencing
  • Joint attention
  • Intentional communication

Questão 137

Questão
Which domain of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe? Ability to follow pointing/gaze of social partners to specific entities.
Responda
  • Social referencing
  • Joint attention
  • Intentional communication

Questão 138

Questão
Which domain of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe? Ability to capture and redirect the attention of a social partner.
Responda
  • Social referencing
  • Joint attention
  • Intentional communication

Questão 139

Questão
Butterworth's finding that at 6 months a baby will follow the direction of its mother's gaze, but at 1 year baby will fixate on the same target as the mother if its the first target in its scan path is related to which domain of triadic engagement?
Responda
  • Social referencing
  • Joint attention
  • Intentional communication

Questão 140

Questão
Which is NOT a cause of reduction in infant mortality?
Responda
  • Hygiene (availability of clean water, removal of rubbish)
  • Housing (increased prosperity, better protection from the elements)
  • Medicine (antibiotics, vaccines)
  • Education (increased wealth, education of preventative measures)

Questão 141

Questão
What was the name of the scandal in 1998 which claimed that the MMR vaccine was linked to autism?
Responda
  • The Wakefield scandal
  • The Wetherfield scandal
  • The Wetherspoons scandal
  • The Waketree scandal

Questão 142

Questão
Which of Fell et al's (1998) stages of sound production is characterised by quasi-resonant or quasi-vocalic sounds?
Responda
  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)
  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)
  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)
  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)
  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Questão 143

Questão
Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by the appearance of primitive syllables combined with quasi-vocalic sounds?
Responda
  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)
  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)
  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)
  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)
  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Questão 144

Questão
Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by open vowels, squeals and frowns, yells and whispers, raspberries?
Responda
  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)
  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)
  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)
  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)
  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18months)

Questão 145

Questão
Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by well formed syllables and reduplicated sequences of such syllables?
Responda
  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)
  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)
  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)
  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)
  • The integrated/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Questão 146

Questão
Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by meaningful speech, mixed babbling an speech?
Responda
  • The phonation stage (0-2 months)
  • The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)
  • The expansion stage (3-8 months)
  • The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)
  • The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Questão 147

Questão
At what age do babies start acting as though they have intention?
Responda
  • 6 months
  • 1 year
  • 18 months
  • 2 years

Questão 148

Questão
Pointing to request is an example of a...
Responda
  • Protodeclarative
  • Protoimperative

Questão 149

Questão
What order are the stages of pointing to request?
Responda
  • Goal directed behaviour --> attention-getting behaviour --> response (waiting) --> referential directive
  • Attention getting behaviour --> goal directed behaviour ---> referential directive ---> response (waiting)

Questão 150

Questão
What is pointing to comment an example of?
Responda
  • Protoimperative
  • Protodeclarative

Questão 151

Questão
Which definition of protodeclarative proposed by Moore and Corkum (1994) suggests that the goal of the behaviour is affective response from the caregiver and the reinforcer is emotional signalling?
Responda
  • Lean interpretation
  • Rich interpretation

Questão 152

Questão
Which definition of protodeclarative proposed by Tomasello (1995) suggests that the goal of the behaviour is joint attention to distal objects and the reinforcer is successful joint attention?
Responda
  • Lean interpretation
  • Rich interpretation

Questão 153

Questão
What do Moore and Corkum (1994) in their Lean Interpretation suggest are the prerequisites for use of protodeclarative?
Responda
  • Expectation that social partner will exhibit positive emotion, based on past experience; means-ends reasoning
  • Children point to things because they have some kind of recognition that others have perceptual states that can be manipulated

Questão 154

Questão
What does Tomasello (1995) in his rich interpretation suggest is a reason for children's use of protodeclaratives?
Responda
  • Children point to things because they have some kind of recognition that others have perceptual states which can be manipulated
  • A grizzly bear

Questão 155

Questão
Which approach is commonly used to explain early development?
Responda
  • Expressive emotional approach
  • Theory-of-mind approach

Questão 156

Questão
Which approach is commonly used to explain later development?
Responda
  • Expressive emotional approach
  • Theory-of-mind approach

Questão 157

Questão
Which perspective on pointing proposed by Butterworth (2003) is biologically based and species-specific?
Responda
  • The nativist view
  • The naturist view
  • The cognitive/representational view
  • The social learning view

Questão 158

Questão
Which 2 biological differences between humans and chimpanzees are considered evidence for the nativist view of finger pointing?
Responda
  • Human thumb = size of male chimp little finger
  • Chimp thumb = size of human little finger
  • In humans thumb protrudes way up whereas chimp thumb extends 1/3 up palm
  • In humans thumb protudes 1/3 of palm, in chimps thumb protrudes 1/3 of arm

Questão 159

Questão
Butterworth said that index and thumb grasp is the antithesis of pointing with the index finger
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 160

Questão
Butterworth (2003) said that whole hand pointing adopted by chimps is the antithesis of the...
Responda
  • power grip
  • power trip
  • power slip

Questão 161

Questão
Which is NOT a critique of the nativist view of pointing?
Responda
  • Depends upon rearing history
  • Pointing with whole hand is also a widespread human behaviour
  • It promotes nudity

Questão 162

Questão
Which perspective on pointing proposed by Baron-Cohen (1995) suggests that infants attempt to influence the mind of their social partners, and is evidenced by gaze monitoring and protodeclarative pointing?
Responda
  • The nativist view
  • The cognitive/representational view
  • The social learning view

Questão 163

Questão
The finding of Liszowski et al (2004) that in joint attention kids didn't continue to point as much implies...
Responda
  • ...that infants understand something about the attention of others (Cognitive/representational view)
  • ....that infants understand something about the attention of others (social learning view)
  • ...that infants have opposable thumbs

Questão 164

Questão
Moore's (1994;2001) findings that an infant may understand that a point will lead to an adult head turn and an interesting subsequent response from an adult is evidence for which view of pointing?
Responda
  • The nativist view
  • The cognitive/representational view
  • The social learning view

Questão 165

Questão
Which is not a finding about emotion in joint attention?
Responda
  • Babies aged 9-18 months express positive emotion during joint object play with their mothers (Adamson & Bakeman, 1985)
  • Babies aged 20 & 22 months express more positive emotion during joint attention than when requesting objects (Kasari et al 1990)
  • Parents of babies aged 6-18 months synchronise their own smiles with their own pointing gestures when they point for their babies (Leavens et al 2014)
  • Babies aged 4-5 months express negative emotion when their mothers are not engaging in joint attention (Bach et al 2011)

Questão 166

Questão
Which is NOT a criticism of the learning theory of declarative pointing?
Responda
  • Absence of evidence for the ability to train precocious, declarative pointing
  • Absence of evidence for the necessity of positive emotional consequences for elicitation of declarative pointing
  • Extreme rarity of apparently declarative pointing in other animal species
  • Depends upon babies' rearing history

Questão 167

Questão
Which is NOT a biological approach to gender development?
Responda
  • Evolutionary approaches
  • Hormones
  • Behavioural genetic approach
  • Gender schema theory

Questão 168

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a social approach to gender development?
Responda
  • Social learning theory (Mischel 1966)
  • Social cognitive theory (Bussey & Bandura 1999)
  • Gender schema theory (Martin and Halverson 1981)

Questão 169

Questão
Which is NOT a cognitive approach to gender development?
Responda
  • Cognitive developmental theory
  • Gender schema theory
  • Social learning theory

Questão 170

Questão
The evolutionary approach to gender development (e.g. Buss 1999) suggests that...
Responda
  • Behavioural tendencies have evolved that offer reproductive advantage
  • Girls concentrate on fostering close relationships, avoiding conflict and controlling impulses
  • Boys are more physically active and aggressive
  • All of the above

Questão 171

Questão
What is the name of the inherited genetic condition that has been found to cause children to play in more "masculine" ways? (Nordenstrom et al)
Responda
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Congenital cataract syndrome
  • ADHD

Questão 172

Questão
Which was NOT one of the findings of the Twins Early Development Study (1994-1996) relating to gender development?
Responda
  • Heritability counted for quite a lot of individual differences in girls, but not so much in boys
  • Shared environment mattered more for girls than for boys
  • Twin-specific environment and non-shared environment had some impact in both genders

Questão 173

Questão
What are the 2 key processes involved in social learning theory of gender development, and their relevant supporting / contradictory research? (Mischel 1966)
Responda
  • Reinforcement (Langlois & Downs 1980 - fathers more positive to same-sex behaviour and critical of sons other-sex behaviour in pre-school children) and Modelling (BUT Huston 1983 - children's gender-role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents' behaviour).
  • Reinforcement (BUT Huston 1983 - children's gender role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents' behaviour) and Modelling (Langlois & Downs 1980 - fathers are more positive to same-sex behaviour and critical of sons' other-sex behaviour in pre-school children)

Questão 174

Questão
Which is NOT one of the three key influences proposed by Bussey & Bandura's social cognitive theory of gender development?
Responda
  • Modelling in an immediate envrionment
  • Enactive experience
  • Direct tuition
  • Reinforcement

Questão 175

Questão
Enactive experience is when a child sees someone else being rewarded/punished for engaging in a specific behaviour which consequently influences their own behaviour
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 176

Questão
Which is not a criticism of the social approach to gender development?
Responda
  • It is adevelopmental - doesn't account for developmental changes in children's gender-stereotyped beliefs
  • Major mechanisms of the theory haven't been supported consistently by research
  • It acknowledges the role of the social environment

Questão 177

Questão
Which of the 3 stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' ability to label each gender by 2.5 years old?
Responda
  • Gender identity
  • Gender stability
  • Gender constancy

Questão 178

Questão
Which of the stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' understanding that sex is stable over time by 3.5 years? (but are still easily confused by superficial marks of gender)
Responda
  • Gender stability
  • Gender identity
  • Gender constancy

Questão 179

Questão
Which of the stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' understanding of the performance of the two genders by 6 years (don't get tripped up by superficial markers of gender)
Responda
  • Gender identity
  • Gender stability
  • Gender constancy

Questão 180

Questão
Weinraub et al (1984) found that children prefer same-sex toys before they achieve which stage of gender understanding?
Responda
  • Gender identity
  • Gender stability
  • Gender constancy

Questão 181

Questão
Which statement about the Gender Schema theory (Martin and Halverson 1981) is FALSE?
Responda
  • Gender identity has a central role rather than gender constancy
  • Kids rapidly build up networks of gender-related information to guide gender-stereotyped processing and behaviour
  • Children develop other-sex schema before same-sex schema
  • The theory has trouble explaining asymmetries between boys and girls

Questão 182

Questão
Which is NOT a criticism of cognitive theories of gender development?
Responda
  • Cognitive theories don't address why males and females are valued differently
  • Cognitive theories ignore the social context within within which gender development occurs
  • The predicted relationship between gender-stereotypes and gender-typed behaviour is typically not found
  • They are adevelopmental

Questão 183

Questão
Which was NOT a finding from Serbin, Powlishta & Gulko's (1993) study into cognitive and socialisation theories of gender development?
Responda
  • Flexibility of gender-stereotyped beliefs was related to general cognitive development
  • Greater flexibility of stereotyped beliefs was associated with fewer gender-stereotyped preferences
  • Stereotypes were learnt earlier if father was resident (boys only)
  • Children had more gender-stereotype preferences when mothers engaged in masculine activities
  • Gender stereotypes were learnt later if father did feminine domestic activities

Questão 184

Questão
Which is a key point about the development of gender-stereotyped preferences?
Responda
  • Preferences remain gender-typed in middle childhood
  • When preferences become more flexible this is for girls only
  • Overall, girls show a wider range of preferences than boys
  • All of the above

Questão 185

Questão
In relation to gender development, which 2 key changes occur during middle childhood?
Responda
  • Increasing flexibility of gender-stereotypes
  • Increasing complexity of gender stereotypes
  • Increasing toxicity of gender stereotypes
  • Increasing polarity of gender stereotypes
  • Increasing strength of gender stereotypes

Questão 186

Questão
Trautner (1992) found that there is a curvilinear relationship between age and flexibility of gender stereotypes
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 187

Questão
Which 4 are BIOLOGICAL individual differences in children's moral development?
Responda
  • Predisposed tendency (evolutionary perspective)
  • Genes
  • Temperament
  • Assertiveness
  • Parental modelling and communication of values
  • opportunities for pro-social activities
  • Discipline/parenting styles
  • TV/video games

Questão 188

Questão
Which is NOT a biological individual difference of aggression?
Responda
  • Temperament
  • Hormones (testosterone)
  • Neurological deficits (attention and regulatory capacities)
  • Parental conflict

Questão 189

Questão
Which 3 are environmental factors relating to individual differences in aggression?
Responda
  • Parental punishment
  • Ineffective discipline/family coercion
  • Parental conflict
  • Temperament

Questão 190

Questão
Which is not an example of a false belief task?
Responda
  • Sally-Anne task
  • Smarties task
  • Reading the mind in the eyes task

Questão 191

Questão
Which statement about false belief tasks is INCORRECT?
Responda
  • A criticism of these tasks is that ids may misunderstand the question (Lewis & Osborne 1990)
  • Children perform better in naturalistic settings (Dunn, 1988)
  • Children perform better if the question is rephrased
  • Change of success rate is dramatic between age 3 and 4
  • Most children over the age of 2 can do these tasks successfully

Questão 192

Questão
Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by 1) the child determining if an action is good or bad based on its consequence 2) thinks that whatever the authority figure says is right
Responda
  • Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)
  • Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)
  • Stage 2 - autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Questão 193

Questão
Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by 1) social interactions with peers 2) beginning to take another's perspective
Responda
  • Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)
  • Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)
  • Stage 2 - autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Questão 194

Questão
Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by 1) the realisation that rules can be changed 2) punishment should fit the crime 3) focus on fairness and equality 4) consideration not motivation and intentions
Responda
  • Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)
  • Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)
  • Stage 2: autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Questão 195

Questão
Which is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
Responda
  • Preconventional reasoning
  • Postconventional reasoning
  • Conventional reasoning
  • Unconventional reasoning

Questão 196

Questão
Which is NOT a finding that parents treat sons and daughters differently?
Responda
  • Wills et al 1976 - Parents smiled more at 6 month old "beth" and more likely to give her a doll to play with than "adam"
  • Rubin, Provenano, Luria (1974) - new parents (particularly dads) described their babies stereotypically despite no differences in birth weight
  • Fagot (1978) - girls encouraged to do feminine activities e.g. play with dolls, boys encouraged to do masculine activities e.g. play with trucks
  • Green (1999) - Parents disciplined sons more harshly

Questão 197

Questão
The effects of parenting on gender development were found to be greater the older the children were
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 198

Questão
Which 3 are ways that parents' beliefs and stereotypes can affect their children's gender-role socialisation?
Responda
  • The goals and expectations that they have for their children
  • How they perceive their children's interests
  • How they interact with their children
  • The kind of clothes they wear
  • The tone of their voice
  • Their sexual preferences

Questão 199

Questão
Which is not an empirical study relating to how parents influence their child's activities?
Responda
  • Eccles et al (1990) - suggests that parents gender-role beliefs affect judgements they make about children's competence in stereotyped activitiy domains, which in turn affects their expectations about kids' future performance and the opportunities that parents give their children.
  • Michigan study of adolescent life transitions - Children whose mothers thought they were good at English shared this belief, but thought they were worse at maths than their teacher thought
  • MIchigan study of childhood and beyond - Daughters considered more talented on a musical instrument (even though most had never played), Sons more competent/interested in sport, daughters more competent/interested in english

Questão 200

Questão
Which factor affects parents perceptions of competence?
Responda
  • True differences in attitude/ability
  • Gendered attributional patterns

Questão 201

Questão
Which is NOT a reason why father absence may make little difference to a child's gender development?
Responda
  • A combination of other male figures from a child's life may serve as male models
  • Only one parent is necessary to influence gender-role behaviour
  • Influence of parents may diminish after children start school
  • Fathers are not at all important in shaping gender development

Questão 202

Questão
Which is NOT a finding about the role of sibling influence on gender development?
Responda
  • Golombok, Hines & Johnston (2000) - found that the sex of the older sibling was associated with the gender-role behaviour of the younger sibling
  • McHale et al (2001) - found greater evidence for sibling influences than parental influences, especially for 2nd born siblings
  • Fanny et al (2004) - siblings always develop similar gender identities

Questão 203

Questão
What is the name given by Chomsky to the module in the brain used just for learning a language? (Nativist view of language development)
Responda
  • Language Acquisition Device
  • Language Inquisition Device
  • Language Accumulation Device
  • Language Addition Device

Questão 204

Questão
Which 2 arguments are challenges of Skinner's behaviourist argument of language development?
Responda
  • Poverty of the stimulus (we come up with things we've never heard)
  • Negative evidence (no examples of what is wrong)
  • Babbling happens around 6 months
  • We have a language acquisition device (module in the brain just for learning language)

Questão 205

Questão
Which theory of language development argues that basic perceptual and learning abilities are moulded by culture and society to become language specific? (Bates)
Responda
  • Nativist argument
  • Behaviourist argument
  • Interactionist argument

Questão 206

Questão
Children begin to learn the properties of language before birth
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 207

Questão
What did deCasper and Fifer (1980) find in their study into infants' preferences for their mother's voice?
Responda
  • Prenatal auditory experience helps to shape voice preferences and parent-infant interactions after birth
  • Babies could not distinguish their own mother's voice from a strangers voice
  • Babies preferred their father's voice to their mother's voice

Questão 208

Questão
Which has NOT been found about infant language processing?
Responda
  • Early in processing kids prefer familiar things
  • Later in processing kids prefer novel things
  • Infants prefer their mother's voice filtered to approximate what it sounds like in the womb
  • Infants prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice
  • Infants prefer their mother's and father's voices over strangers voices
  • Infants generally prefer strangers speaking their parents' language than another language
  • Children can only discriminate sounds from their native language when they are first born

Questão 209

Questão
What is the name for the hypothesis proposed by Kisilevsky et al (2003) that foetuses can remember and recognise the human voices they were exposed to pre-natally?
Responda
  • The in-utero-speech-experience hypothesis
  • The-out-utero-voice-experience hypothesis
  • The cardiotocograph hypothesis

Questão 210

Questão
Which is NOT true about the findings of Werker and Kuhl regarding infant non-native language perception?
Responda
  • Early on (6-8 months) infants are able to distinguish contrasts that are not used in their native language
  • Infant categories result from the distribution of phonemes in their environment
  • The "loss" of universal phonetic sensitivity is not complete - can be reversed with practice
  • Infants never lose the ability to distinguish contrasts not in their native language

Questão 211

Questão
Saffran et al (1996) found that infants can use correlations from the environment to learn language
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 212

Questão
Which is not a word learning bias used in infant language development?
Responda
  • Whole object assumption (name refers to whole object)
  • Principles of conventionality and contrast
  • Mutual exclusivity assumption (doesn't mean another object that the name of is already known)
  • Lexical gap hypothesis (novel object, don't already have a word for it)
  • Consonant-Vowel distinction

Questão 213

Questão
What do adults use to help establish a referent?
Responda
  • Scaffolding
  • Joint attention
  • Both

Questão 214

Questão
Baldwin (1991) found that infants are really bad at following an adult's gaze in order to work out which label went with which object
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 215

Questão
What did Horst el al (2010) find about fast mapping?
Responda
  • Competition (more competitor objects) hinders fast mapping
  • Competition hinders LEARNING through fast mapping

Questão 216

Questão
Samuelson & Smith (!999) found that the shape bias emerges as a product of vocabulary level
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 217

Questão
English-learning children tend to show a U-shaped trend in...
Responda
  • Past-tense morphology
  • Past-tense syntax
  • Present-tense morphology
  • Present-tense syntax

Questão 218

Questão
What is the goal of the Dynamic Systems Theory (Thelen and Smith) in Psychology?
Responda
  • To explain how behaviour changes lawfully through time
  • To explain how motor skills develop
  • To explain individual differences in development

Questão 219

Questão
Which 2 findings from Thelen and Smith regarding the stepping reflex illustrates the dynamic systems view?
Responda
  • When attach weights --> babies stop stepping
  • When suspended in water --> reflex disappears
  • When hold baby upside-down --> reflex reappears
  • When suspended in water --> reflex reappears

Questão 220

Questão
Piaget suggested that children only succeed on the A not B error when they have attained object permanence
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 221

Questão
Which is NOT a finding of Thelen and Smith that goes against Piaget's object permanence theory?
Responda
  • Still get error on the A and B task if there is no hidden object
  • Still get error on the A and B task if there are no marked locations
  • Still get error on the A and B task if there is no reaching on A trials
  • Still get error on the A and B task if there are longer delays
  • Still get error on the A and B task if you change posture between A & B

Questão 222

Questão
The dynamic systems theory suggests that memory for the event is a key reason for error on the A not B task
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 223

Questão
Spencer et al (2000) found that children's reaching behaviour...
Responda
  • ... Is variable
  • ... Happens at the same time for all infants

Questão 224

Questão
Adolph et al found that infants transfer what they have learned about crawling to walking
Responda
  • True
  • False

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