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Quiz

Chapter 13: Viruses

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  1. 1Attachment
    1. [blank_start]Tail fibres[blank_end] [blank_start]recognise and attach[blank_end] to [blank_start]complementary receptor sites[blank_end] on bacterial surface
    1.1 Specific strains of bacteriophages can only attach to specific strains of bacteria --- Viral specificity

    Entry
    1. Phage tail releases [blank_start]phage lysozyme[blank_end] which digests the [blank_start]cell wall[blank_end], allowing molecules to be released
    2. These molecules trigger a [blank_start]change in conformation[blank_end] of the [blank_start]base plate[blank_end], contracting the tail sheath and thrusting the hollow core tube through the cell wall, [blank_start]injecting the phage genome[blank_end]

    Replication
    1. Phage DNA is [blank_start]transcribed into mRNA[blank_end] using [blank_start]host cell RNA polymerase[blank_end]
    2. mRNA produces proteins that take [blank_start]control of host cell[blank_end] and [blank_start]degrades host cell DNA[blank_end]
    3. Enzymes coded by phage genome takes over bacterium's machinery
    4. Phage uses [blank_start]host cell nucleotides[blank_end] and its own [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] to synthesise copies of phage DNA and phage proteins

    Assembly
    1. [blank_start]Phage DNA and capsid[blank_end] are assembled into DNA-filled head
    2. Head, tail and tail fibres are assembled independently and joined

    Release
    1. [blank_start]Lysozyme breaks down cell wall[blank_end] to release phages
    1. ATail fibres
    2. Brecognise and attach
    3. Ccomplementary receptor sites
    4. Dphage lysozyme
    5. Ecell wall
    6. Fchange in conformation
    7. Gbase plate
    8. Hinjecting the phage genome
    9. Itranscribed into mRNA
    10. Jhost cell RNA polymerase
    11. Kcontrol of host cell
    12. Ldegrades host cell DNA
    13. Mhost cell nucleotides
    14. Nenzymes
    15. OPhage DNA and capsid
    16. PLysozyme breaks down cell wall
  2. 2Attachment
    1. Tail fibres recognise and attach to complementary receptor sites

    Entry
    1. Phage genome enters via hollow tube through bacterium cell wall

    Replication
    1. [blank_start]Linear phage DNA forms a circle[blank_end]
    2. Circular DNA can undergo lytic cycle
    3. Or, circular DNA can [blank_start]integrate[blank_end] into bacterium's genome
    3.1 Integrated phage DNA is called a [blank_start]prophage[blank_end]
    4. Most prophage genes are [blank_start]repressed by repressor proteins[blank_end] from phage genes

    Spontaneous induction
    1. [blank_start]Activates cellular proteases[blank_end]
    2. Repressor protein is [blank_start]degraded[blank_end] by increased protease activity
    3. Prophage is expressed and is [blank_start]excised[blank_end] and enters lytic cycle

    Assembly
    1. Phage genome and proteins synthesised using host cell machinery
    2. Assembled into DNA-filled capsid and head, tail and tail fibre

    Release
    1. Lysozyme breaks down cell wall
    1. ALinear phage DNA forms a circle
    2. Bintegrate
    3. Cprophage
    4. Drepressed by repressor proteins
    5. EActivates cellular proteases
    6. Fdegraded
    7. Gexcised
  3. 3Influenza

    Genome
    1. Organised into [blank_start]eight segments of single stranded RNA[blank_end]
    2. RNA is negative sense
    3. RNA is packaged into a [blank_start]helical nucleoprotein[blank_end] form with [blank_start]3 of the 8 RNA segments[blank_end] coding for 3 different polymerases. The polymerases form an enzyme complex, RNA dependent RNA polymerase which is used in [blank_start]replication and transcription[blank_end]
    4. Other segments code for [blank_start]haemagglutinin[blank_end] and [blank_start]neuraminidase[blank_end]

    Attachment
    1. [blank_start]Haemagglutinin binds to sialic acid[blank_end] receptor on host cell surface membrane

    Entry
    1. Enters by [blank_start]endocytosis[blank_end], host cell surface [blank_start]invaginates and pinches off[blank_end] and places the virus in an endosome
    2. [blank_start]Low pH[blank_end] within the vesicle stimulates the [blank_start]viral envelope[blank_end] to [blank_start]fuse with lipid bilayer[blank_end], releasing the nucleocapsid
    3. Capsid is [blank_start]degraded by enzymes[blank_end], leaving the nucleoprotein which enters the nucleus

    Replication
    1. Viral genome is used as template by RNA dependent RNA polymerase to produce mRNA
    2. mRNA leave the [blank_start]nucleus to the RER[blank_end] where they are translated into viral structural components
    2.1 glycoproteins are embedded into the viral envelope at the ER and capsid proteins are produced in the cytosol

    Assembly
    1. Viral glycoproteins transported by vesicles from [blank_start]ER to host cell surface membrane[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]Capsid associates with glycoproteins[blank_end]
    3. Viral RNA associates with protein to form [blank_start]nucleoprotein[blank_end]
    4. Nucleoprotein interaction with capsid initiates budding

    Release
    1. Release by budding, host cell evaginates and pinches off, forming viral envelope
    2. [blank_start]Neuraminidase cleaves sialic acid[blank_end] from cell surface
    1. Aeight segments of single stranded RNA
    2. Bhelical nucleoprotein
    3. C3 of the 8 RNA segments
    4. Dreplication and transcription
    5. Ehaemagglutinin
    6. Fneuraminidase
    7. GHaemagglutinin binds to sialic acid
    8. Hendocytosis
    9. Iinvaginates and pinches off
    10. JLow pH
    11. Kviral envelope
    12. Lfuse with lipid bilayer
    13. Mdegraded by enzymes
    14. Nnucleus to the RER
    15. OER to host cell surface membrane
    16. PCapsid associates with glycoproteins
    17. Qnucleoprotein
    18. RNeuraminidase cleaves sialic acid
  4. 4HIV

    Genome
    1. [blank_start]two copies of single stranded RNA[blank_end]
    2. RNA is positive strand
    3. RNA bound to [blank_start]nucleocapsid proteins[blank_end]
    4. Three major genes
    4.1 [blank_start]gag[blank_end] -- [blank_start]structural proteins[blank_end]
    4.2 [blank_start]pol[blank_end] -- [blank_start]viral enzymes[blank_end]
    4.3 [blank_start]env[blank_end] -- [blank_start]glycoproteins gp120 and gp41[blank_end]

    Attachment
    1. [blank_start]gp120 binds to CD4 receptor[blank_end] on [blank_start]T-lymphocyte[blank_end] with the help of a co-receptor

    Entry
    1. With the help of [blank_start]gp41[blank_end], the viral envelope [blank_start]fuses[blank_end] with the host cell surface membrane, [blank_start]releasing the capsid[blank_end]
    2. [blank_start]capsid and nucleocapsid protein[blank_end] are degraded, [blank_start]viral enzymes and RNA is released[blank_end]

    Replication
    1. Reverse transcriptase synthesises a DNA strand complementary to the RNA strand, forming a RNA-DNA hybrid
    2. [blank_start]RNA strand is degraded[blank_end] and a second DNA strand is synthesised to form a double stranded DNA molecule
    3. Viral DNA [blank_start]enters the nucleus[blank_end] and integrase integrates the DNA into host cell genome. Viral DNA is now known as [blank_start]provirus[blank_end]
    4. Activation of host cell results in [blank_start]transcription of viral DNA[blank_end] into viral RNA which serves as mRNA
    5. mRNA exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it is translated into polyproteins
    6. Env polyprotein is cleaved by [blank_start]host cell proteases in the ER[blank_end], forming gp120 and gp41 which are [blank_start]transported to the cell membrane[blank_end] by vesicles

    Assembly
    1. [blank_start]polyproteins and viral genome[blank_end] assemble at [blank_start]inner surface[blank_end] of host cell surface membrane

    Release
    1. Virus buds off
    2. Host cell surface membrane evaginates and pinches off
    3. polyproteins will be [blank_start]cleaved by HIV proteases[blank_end]
    1. Atwo copies of single stranded RNA
    2. Bnucleocapsid proteins
    3. Cgag
    4. Dstructural proteins
    5. Epol
    6. Fviral enzymes
    7. Genv
    8. Hglycoproteins gp120 and gp41
    9. Igp120 binds to CD4 receptor
    10. JT-lymphocyte
    11. Kgp41
    12. Lfuses
    13. Mreleasing the capsid
    14. Ncapsid and nucleocapsid protein
    15. Oviral enzymes and RNA is released
    16. PRNA strand is degraded
    17. Qenters the nucleus
    18. Rprovirus
    19. Stranscription of viral DNA
    20. Thost cell proteases in the ER
    21. Utransported to the cell membrane
    22. Vinner surface
    23. Wpolyproteins and viral genome
    24. Xcleaved by HIV proteases

Informações

Descrição
Biology Quiz sobre Chapter 13: Viruses, criado por Red Red em 22-09-2024.
Autor
Red Red
Idioma
English
Visualizações
9
Etiquetas
biology
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