Quiz
TB
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Perguntas do quiz (20)
1Mycobacterium tuberculosis is carried in the droplets of [blank_start]mucus[blank_end] and saliva released into the air when an infected person talks, coughs or [blank_start]sneezes[blank_end]. Others then [blank_start]inhale[blank_end] the droplets. This is known as [blank_start]droplet infection[blank_end]. The droplets can remain suspended for several [blank_start]hours[blank_end] in poorly [blank_start]ventilated[blank_end] areas. Close [blank_start]contact[blank_end] with an infected person increases the risk of developing the disease, as do poor [blank_start]health[blank_end], poor diet and [blank_start]overcrowded[blank_end] living conditions. M. tuberculosis is a tough bacterium and can survive as [blank_start]dust[blank_end] from dried droplets for weeks, making the bedclothes and room of a TB patient potentially infectious.
- Amucus
- Bsneezes
- Cinhale
- Ddroplet infection
- Ehours
- Fventilated
- Gcontact
- Hhealth
- Iovercrowded
- Jdust
2Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by?
- Athe bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Bhuman immunodeficiency virus
- Ce.coli
3What's the most common form of TB?
- ARespiratory/ pulmonary - affects the lungs
- BLaryngeal
- CAdrenal
4Improved housing and living conditions, coupled with the development of antibiotics, saw a decline in the number of TB cases in the UK and other industrialised nations during the 20th century.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
5Infection may occur when [blank_start]M.tuberculosis[blank_end] bacteria are [blank_start]inhaled[blank_end] and lodge in the [blank_start]lungs[blank_end].
- Alungs
- BM.tuberculosis
- Cinhaled
6The first phase ([blank_start]primary[blank_end] infection) can last for several months and may have no symptoms. The immune system responds to and deals with the infection. The M.tuberculosis causes an [blank_start]inflammatory[blank_end] response from the host's immune system. In an individual with a healthy immune system, [blank_start]macrophages[blank_end] engulf the bacteria. A mass of tissue known as a [blank_start]granuloma[blank_end] forms; this is produced in response to infection. In TB these tissue masses are [blank_start]anaerobic[blank_end] and have dead bacteria and macrophages in the middle. They're called [blank_start]tubercules[blank_end] and give the disease its name. After 3 to 8 weeks, the infection is controlled and the infected region of the lung heals. Most primary infection happens during childhood and over 90% of infections heal without ever being noticed.
- Aprimary
- Binflammatory
- Cmacrophages
- Dgranuloma
- Etubercules
- Fanaerobic
7What can M.tuberculosis bacteria survive inside?
- Amacrophages
- BT helper cells
8In the normal course of events, macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
9The bacteria are taken up by [blank_start]phagocytosis[blank_end] but once inside the macrophage, they resist the killing mechanisms used by these cells. The bacteria have very thick waxy cell [blank_start]walls[blank_end], making them very difficult to break down. They can lie dormant for [blank_start]years[blank_end]; the infected person has latent TB. Live but inactive bacteria remain within the [blank_start]tubercules[blank_end]. The immune system controls the infection, preventing the spread of bacteria. The person has no signs or symptoms of the disease. However, if the immune system is [blank_start]weakened[blank_end] the infection can become active again and bacteria are no longer contained in the tubercules. TB bacteria are known to target cells of the [blank_start]immune system[blank_end]. TB bacteria can suppress [blank_start]T[blank_end] cells. This reduces antibody production and attack by T [blank_start]killer[blank_end] cells.
- Aphagocytosis
- Bexocytosis
- Cwalls
- Dmembranes
- Eyears
- Fseconds
- Gtubercules
- HT helper cells
- Iweakened
- Jstrengthened
- Kimmune system
- Lbody
- MT
- Nendothelium
- Okiller
- Phelper
10The second phase ([blank_start]active tuberculosis[blank_end]) occurs if the patient's immune system can't contain the disease when it first arrives in the lungs. This may be because the the number of bacteria is too great. Alternatively , an old infection may break out if the immune system is no longer working properly. With active TB in the lungs (known as [blank_start]respiratory pulmonary tuberculosis[blank_end]), the bacteria multiply rapidly and destroy the lung tissue, creating holes or cavities. The lung damage will eventually kill the sufferer if they aren't treated with an appropriate [blank_start]antibiotic[blank_end].
- Aactive tuberculosis
- Bantibiotic
- Crespiratory pulmonary tuberculosis
11Reasons as to why activity of the immune system may be reduced:
- AIn old age or the very young (0-5 years) it is less able to respond quickly to pathogens
- BMalnutrition and poor living conditions
- CAIDS - HIV targets white blood cells and greatly reduces a person's ability to fight any infection
- Dantibiotics
12Symptoms of active tuberculosis?
- Acoughing: may cough up blood
- Bshortness of breath
- Closs of appetite and weight loss
- Dfever and extreme fatigue
- Eswollen lymph nodes
13A person infected with TB (or many other pathogens) experiences fever and night sweats. These occur because, as part of the [blank_start]inflammatory[blank_end] response, fever-causing substances are released from [blank_start]neutrophils[blank_end] and [blank_start]macrophages[blank_end]. These chemicals affect the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] and alter the set point for the core body temperature to a [blank_start]higher[blank_end] temperature. [blank_start]Effectors[blank_end] act to warm the body up to the new set point. The patient has a high fever, with a temperature in the region of [blank_start]40.5[blank_end] degrees C. It's thought that the raised temperature enhances immune function and [blank_start]phagocytosis[blank_end]. In addition, bacteria and viruses may reproduce more [blank_start]slowly[blank_end] at the higher temperatures. TB itself is temperature-sensitive and will stop reproducing at temperatures above [blank_start]42[blank_end] degrees C. However, this temperature is harmful to the patient. Above 40 degrees C human enzymes are increasingly [blank_start]denatured[blank_end]; a fever of 42-43 degrees C is life-threatening.
- Ainflammatory
- Bsecondary
- Cneutrophils
- DT helper cells
- Emacrophages
- Fdendritic cells
- Ghypothalamus
- Hmedulla oblongata
- Ihigher
- Jlower
- KEffectors
- LReceptors
- M40.5
- N43
- O37.5
- Pphagocytosis
- Qendocytosis
- Rslowly
- Squickly
- T42
- U35
- Vdenatured
- Wdangerous
14TB can also move to infect other parts of the patient's body. Common sites include the [blank_start]bones[blank_end], lymph nodes and CNS. Occasionally one of these is the only site of the disease, but more often these infections follow an initial [blank_start]pulmonary infection[blank_end]. In [blank_start]glandular[blank_end] TB the main symptom is enlarged [blank_start]lymph glands[blank_end], usually in the neck or armpits. Sometimes only lymph glands in the [blank_start]chest[blank_end] are affected and these can be seen on an [blank_start]X-ray[blank_end].
- Abones
- Bpulmonary infection
- Clymph glands
- Dglandular
- Echest
- FX-ray
15After describing [blank_start]symptoms[blank_end] to a doctor, a [blank_start]skin test[blank_end] may be done. A small amount of [blank_start]tuberculin[blank_end] is injected under the skin of the forearm. Tuberculin is the name given to extracts from [blank_start]several[blank_end] species of Mycobacteria and is usually composed of a mixture of [blank_start]purified proteins[blank_end]. A positive result shows an [blank_start]inflamed[blank_end] area of skin around the site of the test injection. [blank_start]Antibodies[blank_end] in the blood cause this inflammation, indicating that TB [blank_start]antigens[blank_end] are already present.
- Asymptoms
- Bskin test
- Ctuberculin
- Dseveral
- Epurified proteins
- Finflamed
- GAntibodies
- Hantigens
16What are some problems with the skin test?
- ACan be a negative result if the person has latent TB (inactive)
- BCan give a false positive result if the person has had a BCG anti-TB vaccination
- CCan cause TB
17To overcome these problems, blood tests have been developed that analyse blood samples for [blank_start]T cells[blank_end] specific to [blank_start]antigens[blank_end] only occurring on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- AT cells
- Bantigens
18To confirm a [blank_start]positive[blank_end] skin test, a sample of [blank_start]sputum[blank_end] coughed up by the patient is taken and [blank_start]cultured[blank_end] to see what [blank_start]bacteria[blank_end] are in it. Different bacteria can be identified from the culture using [blank_start]staining techniques[blank_end]. A [blank_start]variety[blank_end] of stains is used. Only some types of bacteria take up particular stains, depending on the make-up of their [blank_start]cell wall[blank_end].
- Apositive
- Bsputum
- Ccultured
- Dbacteria
- Estaining techniques
- Fvariety
- Gcell wall
19Chest X-rays are usually to discover the extent of the [blank_start]damage[blank_end] and disease in the [blank_start]lungs[blank_end]. X-rays of other [blank_start]organs[blank_end] may also be taken if the disease is thought to have [blank_start]spread[blank_end] outside the lungs.
- Adamage
- Blungs
- Corgans
- Dspread
20Active TB bacteria can be killed by [blank_start]antibiotics[blank_end]. Usually a combination of [blank_start]four[blank_end] antibiotic drugs are given for 2 months, with [blank_start]two[blank_end] continued for a further 4 months. This ensures that any dormant bacteria are destroyed.
- Aantibiotics
- Bvaccines
- Cfour
- Dsix
- Etwo
- Fthree
Informações
- Descrição
- 20 questions
- Autor
- Ella Middlemiss
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 16
- Histórico
- Criado em 10 jun 2017 · atualizado em 10 jun 2017
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