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BIOLOGY HL DEFINITIONS IB
Flashcards do conjunto (87)
- 1Define DIFFUSIONDiffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
- 2Define OSMOSISOsmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
- 33.1.1 State the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living thingsCarbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
COHN - 43.1.2 State the variety of other elements that are needed by living organismsSulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium.
CPISS - 5Role of SulphurNeeded for the synthesis of two amino acids.
- 6Role of CalciumStructure of bone and teeth
Muscle contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses - 7PhosphorusIs part of DNA molecules and is also part of the phosphate groups in ATP.
- 8Role of ironComponent of haemoglobin
- 9Role of sodiumTransmission of nerve impulses
- 10Define ENZYMESGlobular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions.
- 11Define ACTIVE SITERegion on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind and which catalyses a chemical reaction involving the substrates.
- 12Define DENATURATIONDenaturation is changing the structure of an enzyme (or other protein) so it can no longer carry out its function.
- 13Define CELL RESPIRATIONCell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
- 14Define GENESa heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic.
- 15Define ALLELEOne specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene
- 16Define GENOMEthe whole of the genetic information of an organism.
- 17Define GENE MUTATIONa change to the base sequence of a gene.
- 18Define HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMESchromosomes with the same genes as each other, in the same sequence but do not necessarily have the same allele of those genes.
- 19In karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according to:to their size and structure.
- 20Genotype definitionthe alleles of an organism.
- 21PHENOTYPEthe characteristics of an organism.
- 22Dominant allele DEFINITIONan allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state.
- 23Recessive Allelean allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state.
- 24Codominant alleles:pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote.
- 25Locusthe particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene
- 26Homozygous:having two identical alleles of a gene.
- 27Heterozygous:having two different alleles of a gene.
- 28Carrier:an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele.
- 29Test cross:testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
- 30SEX LINKAGEwhen the gene controlling the characteristic is located on the sex chromosome and so we associate the characteristic with gender
- 31CLONEa group of genetically identical organisms or a group of genetically identical cells derived from a single parent cell
- 32SPECIESa group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
- 33HABITATthe environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism.
- 34POPULATIONa group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
- 35COMMUNITYa group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area
- 36ECOSYSTEMa community and its abiotic environment
- 37ECOLOGYa community and its abiotic environment
- 38AUTOTROPHSorganisms that synthesize their organic molecules from simple inorganic substances
- 39HETEROTROPHSheterotrophs are organisms that obtain organic molecules from other organisms.
- 40CONSUMERan organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed.
- 41DETRITIVOREan organism that ingests non-living organic matter.
- 42SAPROTROPHan organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.
- 43TROPHIC LEVELthe trophic level of an organism is its position in the food chain
- 443 FACTORS THAT LIMIT POPULATION INCREASE- Shortage of resources (e.g. food)
- Increase in predators
- Increase in diseases and parasites - 45EVOLUTIONEvolution is the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population
- 46PORIFERA - FEATURES- no clear symmetry
- attached to a surface
- pores through body
- no mouth or anus
- example: sponges - 47CNIDARIA - FEATURESRadially symmetric
tentacles
stinging cells
mouth but no anus
example: jellyfish - 48PLATYHELMINTHS - FEATURESbilaterally symmetrical
flat bodies
unsegmented
mouth but no anus
example: tapeworm - 49ANNELIDA - FEATURESbilaterally symmetrical
bristles often present
segmented
mouth and anus
example: earthworm - 50MOLLUSCA - FEATURESmuscular foot and mantle
shell may be present
segmentation not visible
mouth and anus
example: slugs and snails - 51ARTHROPODA - FEATURESbilaterally symmetric
exoskeleton
segmented
jointed appendages
example: spiders and insects - 52State SOURCE, SUBSTRATE, PRODUCTS AND pH of AMYLASEEnzyme: AMYLASE
Source: SALIVARY GLANDS
Substrate: STARCH
Products: MALTOSE
pH: 7 - 53Enzyme, Source, Substrate, Products and pH of PROTEASEEnzyme: PEPSIN
Source: STOMACH
Substrate: PROTEINS
Products: POLYPEPTIDES
pH: 2 - 54Enzyme, Source, Substrate, Products and pH of LIPASEEnzyme: LIPASE
Source: PANCREAS
Substrate: TRIGLYCERIDES
Products: FATTY ACIDS
pH: 7 - 55BLOOD COMPOSITIONplasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets
- 56TRANSPORTED BY BLOODnutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat
- 57PATHOGENan organism or virus that causes a disease
- 58RESTING POTENTIALthe electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a cell that is not conducting an impulse
- 59ACTION POTENTIALthe reversal and restoration of the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a cell, as an electrical impulse passes along it (depolarization and repolarization)
- 60NUCLEOSOMESNucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins and held together by another histone protein.
- 614 STEPS OF TRANSLATIONinitiation, elongation, translocation and termination
5 TO 3 DIRECTION - 62WAYS IN WHICH MINERAL IONS IN THE SOIL MOVE TO THE ROOT- fungal hyphae (mutualism)
- mass flow of water in the soil
- diffusion of mineral ions - 63DEFINE TRANSPIRATIONTranspiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of plants.
- 64POLLINATIONThe process of pollen transfer from an anther to a stigma
- 65FERTILIZATIONThe fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the ovule. This forms a zygote.
- 66SEED DISPERSALThe fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the ovule. This forms a zygote.
- 67LINKAGE GROUPA pair or set of genes on a chromosome which tend to be inherited together
- 68POLYGENIC INHERITANCEwhen a particular phenotype is determined by more than one gene
- 69IMMUNITYhaving sufficient biological defenses against infection
- 70ACTIVE IMMUNITYimmunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body’s defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens
- 71PASSIVE IMMUNITYis immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated, including via the placenta, colostrum, or by injection of antibodies
- 72BONESPROTECTION AND STRUCTURE
- 73MUSCLESfacilitate the movement of limbs and work in antagonistic pairs
- 74LIGAMENTShold joints together; they link one bone to another.
- 75TENDONSmuscles to bones so that muscle contraction causes movement
- 76NERVESthe structures that allow the CNS to control muscles and cause contraction
- 77EXCRETIONis the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism AND
consists of ultrafiltration followed by selective reabsorption - 78OSMOREGULATIONis the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism
is largely due to the effects of ADH on the collecting ducts and the action of the loop of Henle - 79OPTION D - EVOLUTION ALLELE FREQUENCYis the frequency of an allele, as a proportion of all alleles of the gene in the population
- 80OPTION D - EVOLUTION GENE POOLAll the genes in a interbreeding population
- 81OPTION D - EVOLUTION HALF-LIFEThe time it takes for the radioactivity to fall to half of its original level
- 82OPTION D - EVOLUTION CLADISTICSis a method of classification of living organisms based on the construction and analysis of cladograms
- 83OPTION D - EVOLUTION CLADEis a group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
- 84OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOMASSIs the total dry mass of organic matter in organisms or ecosystems
- 85OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION GROSS PRODUCTIONthe total amount of organic matter produced by plants in an ecosysytem
- 86OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION NET PRODUCTIONis the amount of gross production in an ecosystem remaining after subtracting the amount used by plants in respiration
- 87OPTION G - ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOMAGNIFICATIONis the process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level
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- These are all the definitions you need to know for the Biology HL IB Diploma final exam (syllabus of 2009) - class of 2015 only
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- Luisa Mandacaru
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