Flashcards
International Politics: Finals
Flashcards do conjunto (86)
- 1Clausewitzean WarTrinitarian concept of war: revolves around the state, the army and the people
The idea that violence is the only way to disarm the opponent and submit that enemy to the victor's will ("duel on extended scale") - 2New WarsArose with the era of globalization, and are different from old wars because they are typically not led by the state; often fought internally and motivated by identity politics
Happen when states are weak (ex. ISIS benefits from the weakness of state of Iraq and Syria) - 3New Wars Break Down Binaries (5)1. War/peace
2. State/non-state
3. Public/private
4. Internal/external
5. Economic/political - 4Old -> New War Logic (4)1. State-led armed forces -> combination of state and non-state actors
2. Geopolitical interest/ideology -> identity-driven wars
3. Military battles -> population control (guerilla warfare, repression, ethnic cleansing)
4. State finance -> predatory private finance (financed by those who benefit from the perpetuation of war) - 5Criticisms of "New War" Theories (3) (Kaldor)1. Are new wars really new? (features can be found old wars too)
2. Are new wars really war? (maybe they criminal acts, not war)
3. Problems with data collection in new wars (on duration of war, casualties, forced displacement, etc) - 6Wars of the Third Kind (Key Concepts)Cold War-era term describing wars fought in the Third World, usually by way of guerilla warfare; neither inter-state nor state wars
- 7Sovereignty (Old and New Definitions)Old definition: right to national self-determination and non-intervention
New definition: RESPONSIBILITY of sovereignty, not right to it; the state is responsible for the protection of its citizens, and if it fails the international community has the right to intervene - 8Global Covenant (Ayoob)Assumption of respect for state sovereignty at all times
This is challenged by the idea of humanitarian intervention - 9Challenges to Sovereignty since 1990's (2)1. Globalization (information technology, rise in regional agreements like EU, crisis of the nation state)
2. Rise in political HUMANITARIAN norms (based on "universal values" of what is right; violation of those values means loss of sovereignty) - 10Humanitarian InterventionProtecting citizens from human rights violations caused by their own states; disregards state sovereignty for the good of the people
- 11New Interventionism (Ayoob)Intervention for a universal good, supposedly not politically or economically driven, but done on behalf of the international community
- 12Political Intervention (US in Iraq)US invaded Iraq under the pretense of humanitarian intervention (idea that Iraq had WMDs). When this became clearly false, the discourse changed to political intervention: promoting democracy
- 13Bush DoctrineInterventionist foreign policy agenda adopted by US President Bush which was based on the idea that states (like the US) have the right and responsibility to promote liberal ideas
- 14International Will (Ayoob)There is actually no such thing; international will is just thinly disguised national interest that dictates where to intervene
Even international institutions like the UN Security Council favour permanent member states - 15Violence during State-Making Process (Ayoob)State-making naturally leads to violence, and these days humanitarian intervention disrupts this process. Ayoob argues that maybe what is/was happening in Kosovo is just a natural process (much like the state-making of France or Britain), and yet it is being further complicated by international community
- 16Order vs. Justice (Ayoob)Defense of state sovereignty (order) vs. demand for human rights (justice)
- 17Problematic Proposed Criteria for Intervention (6)1. Must be a just cause for intervention
2. Legitimate authority intervening (UN Security Council? "Legitimacy" is in the eye of the beholder")
3. The right intentions
4. Proportionality (relation between goal, action and result)
5. Intervention should be a last resort (after negotiations)
6. Reasonable prospect of success - 18Post-Post Cold War OrderRecently there has been a return to the importance of sovereignty, as the unipolarity of the United States has diminished; "emerging" states have questioned the "universality" of the values imposed throughout the world
- 19Globalization according to Barber (5)1. Neocolonialism (everything's becoming American)
2. Interdependence of states (especially economically)
3. Driven by information technology (opening borders)
4. Clash of civilizations
5. "Think global, act local" - 20Criticism of Barber's Globalization (6)1. Orientalist (Islam vs. rest of world)
2. West-centric
3. Makes it seem like is democracy vs. globalization
4. Self-determination and religion presented as dangerous
5. Ignores historical context
6. Barber's theory is nothing new - 21Approaching Globalization (4 ways)1. Hard, structuralist: global structure is dominant/concrete; globalization is taking over the state
2. Soft, structuralist: state is being pressed upon by the globalization; states are in a race to the bottom
3. Hard, agentcentric: states resist globalization because global actors are embedded in the state (internationalization, not globalization)
4. Soft, agentcentric: states create globalization for their own mutual benefit - 22SupraterritorialityUnderstanding globalization as the "reconfiguration of geography so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, distances, borders" (Scholte)
- 233 Ways Globalization is Possible1. Economic interdependence
2. Information technology
3. Growing global consciousness/identity (global community) - 24Evolution of Globalization (3)1. Up to 18th century: concept of globe as single, unified space
2. 1850's-1950's: creation of communication technology which "compressed" the world
3. 1960's-present: full scale globalization - 25Classical Liberalism (Peet)During the Industrial Revolution, political economic thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, Adam Smith, thought of the economy as having an "invisible hand" which controlled the market; market is self-regulating and should be left to itself without any interference from the government
Ideas of comparative advantage, capitalism, faith in the market to solve social problems too - 26Keynesianism (Peet)Replaced traditional market liberalism after WWII, when John Maynard Keynes proposed radical government spending to kickstart the economy; government spending on business to get things going, and to maintain social welfare systems, etc
Still prevalent in Europe, especially - 27Neoliberalism (Peet)Opposition to Keynesianism which arose after the financial crisis of the 1970's; a return to the self-regulating system of the market
Reagan in the US, and Thatcher in the UK were big supporters of neoliberalist thought and implemented radical changes in the British and American economy - 284 Aspects of Neoliberalism (Peet)1. Markets are self-regulating (anti government-spending)
2. Rational economic actors do much better than the government
3. Supply-side economics, Say's Law, tax cuts are self-financing
4. Public choice theory (?) - 29Self-Actualization Through ConsumptionThe idea that capitalism relies on our buying into neoliberalist ideas; our wellbeing is hinged on our ability to consume
Buying will fulfill us! - 30Nixon Shocks (3)1. Détente with Soviet Union
2. Engagement with China
3. Abandoning Bretton Wood system - 31Washington Consensus (8)Agreed-upon policy reforms which international institutions (like IMF) agreed to to help get developing economies in shape (based on 8 neoliberal ideas)
1. Increase fiscal discipline
2. Reduce public expenditures
3. Implement tax reform
4. Interest rates should be market determined
5. Exchange rates should be competitive
6. Trade liberalization
7. Encourage FDI
8. Secure property rights - 32Liberalist Rules of Globalization Game (3)1. States must attract MNCs by implementing tax breaks, lowering labour laws, etc
2. States should exploit geography and technology in order to gain most profit (comparative advantage)
3. States should develop technology as much as possible, to boost economy - 33Japan's WayJapan's economic growth seemed like a miracle, because they ignored liberalist rules to the globalization game. Rather than deregulation and privatization, Japan began huge government finance programs (especially supporting infant industries)
Alternative to neoliberalism? - 34World Systems TheoryThe idea that international relations should be examined through a "world system" rather than looking at nation-states; the world system is made up of the core, periphery and semi-periphery, where the core exploits the semi-periphery and they both exploit the periphery
- 35Transformation of Production (3)1. Fordism (assembly-line production)
2. Creation of international production networks
3. Attracting capital - 36Globalization to a Neo-MaxistCompetition where businesses slash all labour rights, plunders human and material sources, weakening labour and environmental laws
Pessimistic; race to the bottom - 37Neo-Gramscian Solution to Hegemonic Crisis (4)1. War of movement (revolution)
2. War of position (counter-hegemony which slowly creates new regime)
3. Improve civil society
4. Replace bourgeois intellectuals (problem-solving) with organic intellectuals (critical) - 38Power in Global PoliticsThe ability to affect others to get the outcome one wants
- 39Power Resources vs. OutcomeJust because you have power resources, the desired outcome is not guaranteed. For example, the US spends 39% of all global expenditure on arms, and yet is still unable to pacify or reform Afghanistan or Iraq, who are comparatively weak
- 40Power Shifts (2 ways)1. Power transition: flattening of power (power going from one state to another)
2. Power diffusion: power going from states to non state actors (ex. terrorist groups) - 41Hard Power (2 types)1. Military power
2. Economic power (can also be soft power) - 42Success of SanctionsSanctions are an element of economic power, that had great success in ending apartheid in South Africa. However, sanctions often harm the wrong people
- 43Soft PowerThink of "pull" rather than "push"; power of attraction or coercion
- 44Power Transition according to NyeEra of the West is over, but the American century will continue with the new competition
- 45Power Transition according to KupchenThe Era of the West is over, but the gap wont be filled by the east, but a shift to "no one's world"
- 46Recognizing an Emerging Power (2)1. Capabilities: economic, military, political power, resources; based on projection of the future
2. Ambitions: usually ambition to play more influential role in world politics - 472 Most Important Emerging Powers1. Russia
2. China
Both overcoming shame/defeat/loss of power; actually REemerging - 48BRICSEmerging powers: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
Originally an economic concept, but became a geopolitical reality since 2001: emerging powers interested in playing the game AND changing the rules - 49Arguments for BRICS as Politically Important IdeaBRICS is trying to restructure the global political economic order
- 50Arguments Against BRICS as a Politically Important Idea (2)1. Countries are two different to be all lumped together (economically, in their ambitions, etc)
2. BRICS are smaller as a whole than the sum of its parts? - 51US State Department Definition of Terrorism"Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by subnational actors"
Terrorism intended to influence an audience - 52International Terrorism (US State Department)Terrorism involving citizens or territory of more than one country
- 53Terrorist Group (US State Department)Group which practices international terrorism
- 54Problems with US Definitions of Terrorism (5)1. One of many definitions put forward by the US
2. Problem-solving, policy-oriented definition
3. Focuses on sub-nation and excludes state terrorism
4. Thinking of terrorism in a way that doesn't engage with actual agents
5. "One person's terrorist is another person's freedom fighter" - 55Critical Definition of Terrorism (Jackson)Violent strategy or tactic of political struggle which actors employ to achieve goals; means to a political ends
Ambiguities: who are the actors, what are the political ends, etc.
Critiques US definition: encourages engagement with motivations and agency, and highlights the social construction of terrorism - 56Modern TerrorismFrom 1960's onwards, and characterized by being transnational in nature as well as focusing on the media (a lot of people watching, not a lot of people dead)
Ex. Munich Massacre of 1972 - 57Munich Massacre1972
Palestinian terrorist organization, Black September, kidnaps the Israeli Olympic team during the Munich Olympics and eventually kills them - 58New TerrorismDifferent from modern terrorism because they care about both lots watching (via media) as well as mass casualties. Usually called extremist groups, and characterized by the use of weapons of mass destruction
- 59Loose NukesTerm used to describe WMDs used by new terrorist groups. Availability of these "loose nukes" is blamed on the end of the Cold War, because nuclear weapons were smuggled out of the USSR while they were weak
- 60Post-Modern TerrorismTerrorism using high technology; literally fosters fear through the Internet
Ex. The Interview (movie 2015) was about two men on a mission to assassinate Kim Jung Un, which provoked a strong online reaction from North Korea - 61Offensive Liberalism (4 objectives)The use of hard power to impose liberalism around the world
1. Seizing assets of terrorists
2. Pressuring states harbouring terrorists
3. Promotion of democracy
4. Alleviate poverty (therefore lessen terrorist recruitment) - 62War on TerrorAmerican stance on terrorism following the attacks on the world trade center of 9/11; the attack was perceived as an attack to globalization/modernity/civilization
- 63Critique of Offensive Liberalism (6)1. Simplifies too much
2. Accepts US as passive hegemon
3. Ignores domestic issues
4. Ignores construction of threat
5. Undermines some liberal values (imperialism)
6. Neoliberalism is always offensive? - 643 Ways of Examining "War on Terror" Discourse1. Temporally
2. Spatially
3. Ethically - 65Terrorism Discourse: SpatialityThe idea that enemies are constructed based on space; especially prevalent when talking about so-called "Islamic terrorism"; Orientalist, stereotypical and binary assumptions are used to construct identity of self and other, as well as to justify/legitimize foreign and domestic policies
- 66Axis of EvilBorn from the "with us or against us" mentality prevalent in the US after the 9/11 attacks. Axis of Evil countries are those which actively defy "universal" (American) values/norms.
Originally: Iraq, Iran and North Korea
"Beyond the Axis": + Cuba, Libya, Syria
"Outposts of Oppression": + Belarus, Burma, Zimbabwe - 67Terrorism Discourse: Temporality (3)1. Temporal discontinuity: as though terrorism happens in isolation, not connected to the past; presents US as passive
2. Linearity: terrorism has been growing for some time, but has been ignored
3. Timelessness: fight between good vs. evil, where of course good always prevails - 68Terrorism Discourse: EthicalityEx. If 9/11 is going to be used to disassemble freedoms for which we've fought, is it better to forget it?
The idea that we construct self and other based on what we believe to be right; this discourse is used to socialize the population - 69Case Study: Easter Island Society CollapseIn order to support construction of scaffolding and building, the society of Easter Island practiced mass deforestation. They also lived off of the forest which they were destroying, so when the forest was gone they turned on each other until the society collapsed.
- 70Environmental Issues which lead to Society Collapse (6)1. Failure to anticipate (it wont happen to us)
2. Failure to perceive problems (ex. rising sea levels; takes so much time we don't notice the change)
3. Rational bad behaviour (tragedy of the commons)
4. Disastrous values (ex. reliance on fossil fuels)
5. Other irrational failures (short term thinking)
6. Unsuccessful solutions (too little, too late) - 71World Views on Globalization and the Environment (4)1. Market liberals
2. Institutionalists
3. Bioenvironmentalists
4. Social Greens - 72Market Liberals on Globalization & EnvironmentThey have faith in transnational corporations in the market to fix environmental problems; environmental welfare will improve if incomes increase, because it will lead to increased political will to address environmental issues
- 73Institutionalists on Globalization & the EnvironmentBelieve that we need stronger institutions which can effectively protect the environment; in their mind states should still play a role, but that institutions can span between global and local governance
- 74Common Elements of Bioenvironmentalists/Social Greens on Globalization & the Environment1. Critical of neoliberal/market liberalization/capitalist system
2. Concerned with population crisis (world is surpassing carrying capacity)
3. Eco-centric viewpoint: fragile planet
4. Tragedy of the commons
5. Decentralization (importance of local; state is too big/small for environmental issues) - 75Tragedy of the CommonsIdea that rational and independent individuals will act in their own self-interest to exploit a resource, because they know if they don't, someone else will
- 76Bioenvironmentalists (Distinction) on Globalization & the EnvironmentThe solution to the problem of environmental welfare with globalization is to limit population growth/advocate for population control
- 77Social Greens (Distinction) on Globalization & the EnvironmentBlame overconsumption, not population crisis, for the current state of environmental welfare; the solution is to empower people currently being effected who have no voice in the environmental debate
- 78Green Politics vs. EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism: accepts framework of existing political, social, economic, normative structures (problem-solving theory)
Green Politics: in favour of changing existing structures because they are part of the environmental problems (critical theory) - 79Ecocentrism (4)About inter-relations rather than individual identities; all entities are related to the ecosystem; humans are not free to dominate the rest of nature
1. Resource conservation
2. Human welfare ecology
3. Preservationism
4. Animal liberation - 80Green StatesCritical of neoliberalist view of states; the idea that states should act as a link between global and local, and should be concerned with an ecological approach to development
- 81Climate ChangeBurning of fossil fuels gives off CO2 into the climate, and right now more CO2 is being produced than O2 is by plants (since Industrial Revolution); this has changed the conditions for life, especially in the polar regions, gulf stream, and natural disasters
- 82Territorial TrapThe territorialization of the carbon cycle
We need to think of global environmental problems in terms of states, but that doesn't really work because then decisions are always made based on national interests - 83Water Wars ThesisWater is a key resource for life, and therefore who gets it and how and why is very important; population in the 3rd world has been a strain on local water resources and has led to conflicts
- 84Case Study: Mekong River Water WarMekong river goes through 6 nation-states, and development has had a negative impact on the water supply which supports people from all the way long it. China wants to build a dam, and there is nothing anyone can do, even though it means reduced water quantity and quality downstream. This makes China an "upstream superpower"
- 85Social Green Response to Water WarsWater wars are caused by structural inequality, and should therefore be more local. A solution would be to enhance local influence in the discussion
- 863 Approaches to Globalization (David Held)1. Sceptical Thesis: globalization from economic standpoint; questions whether modern international independence is actually more "global" than other economic periods (colonialism/gold standard)
2. Hyperglobalist Thesis: states act as a link between global and local economies; growing businesses take power from states
3. Transformationalist Thesis: whole planet is not involved in globalization, but it is uneven; globalization is a social phenomenon
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- Flash cards for the second half of International Politics
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- Emily Fenton
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