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Flashcards

computing keywords

jummybankole Computing A level Inglês 46 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (46)

  1. 1Hardwarethe physical components which make up the computer.
  2. 2Softwarethe instructions and code that tells the computer what to do. There are two types of software, applications software and system software
  3. 3Input Devicea type of peripheral that can accept data, decode it, and send it as electrical pulses to the computer. For example: keyboards, mice, digital cameras, and microphones.
  4. 4Storage Devicea memory device used to store operating systems, programs, and user data. Storage devices are non-volatile - they do not lose their data when they are unpowered
  5. 5Output Devicea device that turns computer signals into a human-readable form, like a screen, printer, or speaker
  6. 6Applications Softwaresoftware which helps the user complete specific tasks - for example word processing
  7. 7Archiveinformation is archived if it doesn't need to be accessed frequently, but it may need to be accessed at some point in the future. For example student records after students have left the school - if the student later asks for a reference, then the school would have to retrieve their student record from the archive
  8. 8Basic Input Output System (BIOS)where important instructions explaining how to turn on the computer are stored - for example, how to find a keyboard and interpret keystrokes.
  9. 9Bita binary 1 or 0. Bits are normally part of a byte
  10. 10Bitratethe amount of data (measured in bits) that can be transmitted per second. Can also be called the baud rate
  11. 11Bytea group of bits (usually 8) treated as one unit
  12. 12Checksumn extra byte that is added to a block of data, which is the sum of the bits, ignoring any carry. This is then calculated by the receiver, and if the checksums match, then the data is accepted.
  13. 13Duplexwhere data can travel in both direction at the same time - e.g. ethernet.
  14. 14Echo (Error Checking)when data is sent, a copy is then returned to the sender, to check it is the same data as the sender sent.
  15. 15Error (Data Transmission)where data is corrupted (changed) while being transferred from one place to another
  16. 16Etherneta cable standard used to connect nodes within a LAN
  17. 17Graphical User Interface (GUI)an intuitive interface using images to represent commands. It is easy for beginners to use, however it can be slow as many commands are hidden so the user is not confused.
  18. 18Half Duplexwhere data can travel in both directions, but only in one direction at a time - e.g. a walkie-talkie.
  19. 19Handshakebefore two devices can communicate, they must ensure they are both ready to communicate, and agree the protocols to be used, by completing a "handshake".
  20. 20Local Area Network (LAN)computers connected to each other in a geographically small area, for example a home network.
  21. 21Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)reads characters which have been printed using special magnetic ink. The only common use for MICR is the account information printed on the bottom of cheques. Unlike barcodes, MICR can easily be read by both humans and computers.
  22. 22Network2 or more computing devices connected together so that they can share data and resources.
  23. 23Network Interface Card (NIC)an expansion card that allows a computer to connect to a network. Most motherboards have wired (ethernet) NIC's built in, but an expansion card might be required for wireless access.
  24. 24Nodea piece of equipment, such as a PC or peripheral, attached to a network.
  25. 25Optical Character Recognition (OCR)converts text on paper to digital characters, by comparing a scanned character with a database. Works best on typed pages, but also works with handwriting.
  26. 26Optical Mark Reader (OMR)recognizes marks on a sheet of paper. Commonly used in multiple choice exams, or on lottery tickets.
  27. 27Optical Mark Reader (OMR)recognizes marks on a sheet of paper. Commonly used in multiple choice exams, or on lottery tickets.
  28. 28Packeta group of bytes for network transmission. Each packet has a unique ID (a label), a sequence number, a destination address, and a checksum.
  29. 29Parallel (Data Transmission)using many wires, each transferring a bit at the same time (e.g. 8 wires to transfer an entire byte of 8 bits).
  30. 30Parity Checkinga method used for error checking, where it is agreed that the number of bits will be odd or even. 7 bits of the byte are used for actual data, and one of the bits is used to ensure the parity is correct.
  31. 31Peripherala device that is connected to a host computer, but not part of it. For example, a webcam or a graphics card would be a peripheral, as they are not required for a computer to operate. However, an internal hard disk would not be a peripheral, as a computer would not function without one. Although RAM is technically a peripheral, removing it will effectively disable any modern machine, therefore it is a primary component.
  32. 32Primary Componenta piece of hardware which is critical for a computer to work. For example, a CPU, or a power supply.
  33. 33Primary MemoryROM and RAM.
  34. 34Protocola set of rules governing the transmission of data. There are two types of protocol - logical protocols (relating to software) and physical protocols (relating to hardware)
  35. 35Random Access Memory (RAM)used to store short term information - e.g. when browsing the internet, web pages might be downloaded and stored in RAM. It's name is derived from the fact that random storage locations can all be accessed quickly (less than 1ms) - in contrast to traditional hard disks, which can take up to 10 milliseconds due to mechanical limitations. RAM is volatile memory, so it can only be used for short term storage.
  36. 36Read Only Memory (ROM)used to store data that should never be altered, for example the BIOS or UEFI. Information stored in ROM cannot be altered, deleted, or otherwise interfered with.
  37. 37Serial (Data Transmission)where each of the 8 bits is transmitted down a single wire connection one at a time.
  38. 38Simplexdata is only ever able to travel in one direction - e.g. from a radio station to a radio.
  39. 39Static State Drive (SSD)a replacement for hard drives. Typically, an SSD is smaller and faster than a hard drive which costs the same amount. Typically, the operating system is stored on an SSD, while large files such as photos, music, and videos, are stored on a "traditional" spinning hard disk.
  40. 40Standalonea computer which is not connected to other computers
  41. 41Storage Devicea memory device used to store operating systems, programs, and user data. Storage devices are non-volatile - they do not lose their data when they are unpowered.
  42. 42Syntaxthe particular rules of a given programming language. For example, surrounding strings in quotes (either single or double quotes) is a syntax rule for python
  43. 43System Softwaresystem software provides basic functionality, such as file management, or providing a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
  44. 44Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)a modern replacement for BIOS, which will reduce the time it takes for computers to start up, as it can be accessed through operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows. It also supports "modern" features, such as a mouse, which allows it to be used as a lightweight operating system, for example for web-browsing.
  45. 45Volatile Memorymemory which gets lost when the power is turned off
  46. 46Wide Area Network (WAN)computers connected to each other over a geographically large area, for example the internet.

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A level Computing FlashCards sobre computing keywords, criado por jummybankole em 19-01-2014.
Criado por
jummybankole
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