Return to the Sea

1. 1Problems with associated with returning to the sea
   - marine [blank_start]mammals[blank_end] breathe [blank_start]air[blank_end] so when they dive down to the bottom they need to resurface to breathe
   - they have to factor in how long it will take to surface whilst diving down to [blank_start]feed[blank_end]
   - some travel 1000s of km to surface which takes a long time
   - e.g. [blank_start]sperm[blank_end] whales dive to 1000m below surface, with this depth also comes massive [blank_start]pressure[blank_end] (100atm)
   

   1. Amammals
   2. Bair
   3. Cfeed
   4. Dsperm
   5. Epressure
2. 2Advantages of air over [blank_start]water[blank_end] as a respiratory medium; why do they still use air and not adapt to extract [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] from water?
   > [blank_start]mass[blank_end] of medium
   > marine mammals are [blank_start]endotherms[blank_end] (warm-blooded), so they have [blank_start]high[blank_end] metabolic rates, they produce their own heat and have [blank_start]high[blank_end] oxygen requirements
   
   > [blank_start]viscosity[blank_end] of medium; water is [blank_start]more[blank_end] viscous than air; it is much harder to move water than [blank_start]air[blank_end], so it would cost a lot of [blank_start]energy[blank_end] to try and move water into and out of the lungs
   
   > there is a higher [blank_start]rate[blank_end] of diffusion in air
   
   > oxygen is relatively [blank_start]easy[blank_end] to access and is fairly constant in air; oxygen levels in water varies with temperature (low [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] at higher temp), [blank_start]salinity[blank_end] also effects oxygen levels = oxygen is more constant in air
   
   - air has a low heat conductivity and [blank_start]low[blank_end] heat capacity which is opposite to water
   
   - these guys are endotherms so they have a higher temperature than their [blank_start]external[blank_end] medium, if they were to bring cold [blank_start]water[blank_end] into their body it will also effect their thermoregulation
   
   So there are lot of advantages of retaining the link to the terrestrial environment

   1. Awater
   2. Boxygen
   3. Cmass
   4. Dendotherms
   5. Ehigh
   6. Fhigh
   7. Gviscosity
   8. Hmore
   9. Iair
   10. Jenergy
   11. Krate
   12. Leasy
   13. Moxygen
   14. Nsalinity
   15. Olow
   16. Pexternal
   17. Qwater
3. 3Advantages of air over water as a [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] medium: Mass of medium
   
   Air = a litre of air is [blank_start]21[blank_end]% oxygen, so 210ml f oxygen which weighs [blank_start]280[blank_end]g
   > to access this an animal has to move 1190mg of air
   
   Water = a litre of [blank_start]water[blank_end] when full oxygenated contains about 7ml, therefore therefore the same mass of air contains x[blank_start]30[blank_end] more oxygen
   - 7ml of air weighs 9mg to access this, an animal has to move 1,000,000 mg of water
   
   For an equivalent amount of oxygen an animal would have to move [blank_start]25,000[blank_end] times as much water as air
   - so air is a better medium to get a lot of oxygen from, more oxygen in a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] mass

   1. Arespiratory
   2. B21
   3. C280
   4. Dwater
   5. E30
   6. F25,000
   7. Gsmaller
4. 4Global benefits and problems
   - breathing air is a problem with which all marine reptiles, birds and mammals have to contend
   - water is more [blank_start]viscous[blank_end] therefore more energy is needed to move through it
   - water is more supportive therefore [blank_start]less[blank_end] energy is needed to support a body
   
   In water you can become neutrally bouyant which expends [blank_start]no[blank_end] energy
   - no control over buoyancy except [blank_start]breathing[blank_end] in and out
   - some are [blank_start]negatively[blank_end] buoyant (sink) and some are positively buoyant > both have pros and cons because of energy expended e.g. negatively buoyant have to expend a lot of energy to [blank_start]resurface[blank_end] and positively buoyant mammals have to expend energy to [blank_start]dive[blank_end]

   1. Aviscous
   2. Bless
   3. Cno
   4. Dbreathing
   5. Enegatively
   6. Fresurface
   7. Gdive
5. 5Amphibians and Reptiles
   - there is not really a marine amphibian but the [blank_start]crab[blank_end] eating frog Limnonectus cancrivorus from [blank_start]Indonesia[blank_end] which utilises resources from the sea
   - this indonesian frog is able to spend time swimming in [blank_start]sea[blank_end] water
   - [blank_start]Limnonectus[blank_end] has a [blank_start]high[blank_end] salt concentration in its body
   - has a high [blank_start]urea[blank_end] (urine) concentration
   
   This is so it can combat the [blank_start]salt[blank_end] concentration

   1. Acrab
   2. BIndonesia
   3. Csea
   4. Dhigh
   5. ELimnonectus
   6. Furea
   7. Gsalt
6. 6Marine [blank_start]Reptiles[blank_end]
   - all are [blank_start]secondarily[blank_end] aquatic (2nd)
   - all are amniotes
   - include [blank_start]Chelonia[blank_end]; chelonia = sea turtles
   - [blank_start]squamata[blank_end] = snakes and lizards
   - [blank_start]crocodilia[blank_end] = crocodiles
   
   - much more marine
   - have [blank_start]impervious[blank_end] skin which means water proof so not the same as amphibians
   - most are amphibious to an extent, some are more [blank_start]amphibious[blank_end] than others

   1. AReptiles
   2. Bsecondarily
   3. CChelonia
   4. Dsquamata
   5. Ecrocodilia
   6. Fimpervious
   7. Gamphibious
7. 7Marine [blank_start]Reptiles[blank_end]: Crocodiles
   - one one species is considered a true [blank_start]marine[blank_end] reptile = Crocodylus [blank_start]porosus[blank_end]
   - [blank_start]crocodylus[blank_end] porosus is the [blank_start]biggest[blank_end] living reptile
   - a.k.a the [blank_start]salt[blank_end] water crocodile
   - exhibit sexual [blank_start]dimorphism[blank_end] = males are [blank_start]4[blank_end]-5m (400-[blank_start]1000[blank_end]kg) and females are [blank_start]2[blank_end]-3m (200-[blank_start]300[blank_end]kg)
   
   Whilst they do not have the problem that [blank_start]amphibians[blank_end] have of exchange of water and [blank_start]ions[blank_end] across their [blank_start]skin[blank_end], they still take in large quantities of [blank_start]salt[blank_end] water and have to deal with it e.g. cannot drink sea water
   - they have [blank_start]lingual[blank_end] (bilingual -bi) salt glands which are very specific regions associated with the [blank_start]tongue[blank_end] which excrete [blank_start]salt[blank_end]
   

   1. AReptiles
   2. Bmarine
   3. Cporosus
   4. Dcrocodylus
   5. Ebiggest
   6. Fsalt
   7. Gdimorphism
   8. H300
   9. I4
   10. J1000
   11. K2
   12. Lions
   13. Mamphibians
   14. Nskin
   15. Osalt
   16. Plingual
   17. Qtongue
   18. Rsalt
8. 8Marine Reptiles: marine iguanas
   - amblrhynchus [blank_start]cristatus[blank_end]
   - [blank_start]amblrhynchus[blank_end] cristatus also show sexual [blank_start]dimorphism[blank_end]
   - the [blank_start]males[blank_end] are much larger and can dive under the sea whilst [blank_start]females[blank_end] cannot
   - the males bask on the rocks and [blank_start]heat[blank_end] up before going in the sea
   - the [blank_start]galapagos[blank_end] islands are surrounded by cold upwelling, the cold water brings up a lot of [blank_start]nutrients[blank_end]

   1. Acristatus
   2. Bamblrhynchus
   3. Cdimorphism
   4. Dmales
   5. Efemales
   6. Fheat
   7. Ggalapagos
   8. Hnutrients
9. 9Marine [blank_start]iguanas[blank_end]: amblrhynchus [blank_start]cristatus[blank_end]
   - lives in the [blank_start]galapagos[blank_end] islands
   - inhabits virtually [blank_start]all[blank_end] islands of the archipelago
   - there are 7 subspecies
   - closely related to [blank_start]land[blank_end] iguanas
   - they scrape [blank_start]algae[blank_end] off rocks

   1. Acristatus
   2. Biguanas
   3. Cgalapagos
   4. Dall
   5. Eland
   6. Falgae
10. 10Characteristics of: amblrhynchus [blank_start]cristatus[blank_end]
    - Sexually [blank_start]dimorphic[blank_end]: adult males = 1.7m long, females 0.5-1m, males weigh up to 3kg, females up to 1.8kg
    - [blank_start]size[blank_end] is dependent on the island
    - feed exclusively on marine [blank_start]plants[blank_end]
    - they still have to [blank_start]nest[blank_end] on land
    - bask on land but rapidly cool in ocean water > bigger [blank_start]males[blank_end] cool more slowly
    - [blank_start]flat[blank_end] tail and limited webbing on all [blank_start]4[blank_end] feet
    - powerful [blank_start]claws[blank_end] to hold on to rocks in the heavy sea
    - heart rate from ~43bpm on land to ~8bpm while diving, can slow down their [blank_start]heart[blank_end] rate while diving
    - possess [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] salt glands
    - cannot produce hyperosmotic ([blank_start]concentrated[blank_end]) urine
    - but have very high [blank_start]excretion[blank_end] rates (highest excretion rate of any reptile)

    1. Adimorphic
    2. Bcristatus
    3. Csize
    4. Dplants
    5. Enest
    6. Fmales
    7. Gflat
    8. H4
    9. Iclaws
    10. Jheart
    11. Knasal
    12. Lconcentrated
    13. Mexcretion

11. 11Specialisms of Amblyrhynchus [blank_start]cristatus[blank_end]
    - they have [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] salt glands > looks like they are expelling water but infact very [blank_start]concentrated[blank_end] salt water; white crust on animal = salt
    - they can make [blank_start]cardiovascular[blank_end] adjustments (heart) such as [blank_start]lowering[blank_end] their heart rate when they dive in the water to forage, this reduces the amount of blood that flows to the [blank_start]skin[blank_end] to decrease [blank_start]heat[blank_end] loss
    - foraging behaviour is linked to the size = as [blank_start]bigger[blank_end] males cool more slowly, so can forage for [blank_start]longer[blank_end]
    
    

    1. Acristatus
    2. Bnasal
    3. Cconcentrated
    4. Dcardiovascular
    5. Elowering
    6. Fskin
    7. Gheat
    8. Hbigger
    9. Ilonger
12. 12Marine Reptiles: Sea snakes
    - order = [blank_start]squamata[blank_end]
    - e.g. pelagic sea snake, yellow-lipped sea snake, file snake
    - family = [blank_start]elapidae[blank_end]
    - they are restricted to [blank_start]warmer[blank_end] seas = Pacific and [blank_start]indian[blank_end] oceans

    1. Aelapidae
    2. Bwarmer
    3. Csquamata
    4. Dindian
13. 13Adaptations of [blank_start]Sea[blank_end] Snakes
    - most are [blank_start]viviparous[blank_end] = bring forth live young, nurtured by the [blank_start]females[blank_end] during development
    - a lot of sea snakes are true aquatic animals and [blank_start]never[blank_end] come onto land
    - possess sub [blank_start]lingual[blank_end] (below tongue) salt glands
    - usually have a laterally compressed body and flattened [blank_start]tail[blank_end]
    - valves in the [blank_start]nostrils[blank_end] and mouth
    - some of their [blank_start]scales[blank_end] are modified to stop water getting in
    - enlarged [blank_start]lungs[blank_end] that extend to the base of the tail > part of lung may function as a hydrostatic organ; they don't need to go to the surface to breathe all the time > the [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] compressions of the body means they are very long and thin with a large [blank_start]surface[blank_end] area
    - this large surface area means they can take some [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] out of the water
    - gas exchange across the skin is called [blank_start]cutaneous[blank_end] respiration and occurs in all snakes
    - but they do have to go to the surface to replenish [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] eventually

    1. ASea
    2. Bviviparous
    3. Cfemales
    4. Dnever
    5. Elingual
    6. Ftail
    7. Gnostrils
    8. Hscales
    9. Ilungs
    10. Jlateral
    11. Ksurface
    12. Loxygen
    13. Mcutaneous
    14. Noxygen
14. 14Sea [blank_start]Turtles[blank_end]: superfamily = Chelonioidea
    - only [blank_start]7[blank_end] species, related to terrestrial and fresh water turtles
    
    There are only 2 families of sea turtles
    1. [blank_start]Cheloniidae[blank_end]
    2. dermochelyidae
    
    Remember animal families end in idae
    
    SO: cheloniidae, [blank_start]dermochelyidae[blank_end]

    1. Adermochelyidae
    2. BCheloniidae
    3. C7
    4. DTurtles
15. 15The family [blank_start]Cheloniidae[blank_end] of sea turtles contain [blank_start]6[blank_end] out of 7 species of sea turtles
    
    The family [blank_start]dermochelyidae[blank_end] only contain the [blank_start]leatherback[blank_end] sea turtle
    
    dermochelyidae
    
    cheloniidae

    1. ACheloniidae
    2. B6
    3. Cdermochelyidae
    4. Dleatherback
16. 16Sea turtle distribution and phylogeny
    - all species are related but the [blank_start]leatherback[blank_end] turtle (Dermochelyidae) are less closely related
    - Leatherback turtles ([blank_start]Dermochelyidae[blank_end]) can go slightly further [blank_start]north[blank_end] and south as they can exploit colder water, but generally restricted to mid low/middle latitudes
    - as the leatherback turtle (Dermochelyidae) is much larger it can go in [blank_start]colder[blank_end] water as it cools down [blank_start]slower[blank_end]

    1. Aleatherback
    2. BDermochelyidae
    3. Cnorth
    4. Dcolder
    5. Eslower
17. 17Leatherback turtles (dermochelyidae) carapace size is nearly 50% longer than other sea turtles in the family cheloniidae
    
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
18. 18Turtle Movements
    - trackers can be stuck on [blank_start]carapace[blank_end] (shell) as its hard
    - track feeding and migration of turtles
    - produce interesting movement data, really [blank_start]short[blank_end] range movements associated with foraging versus [blank_start]long[blank_end] range movement associated with migration
    
    [blank_start]Green[blank_end] (colour) turtles of the family [blank_start]cheloniidae[blank_end] make massive journeys/migrations to a small island in the atlantic ocean to [blank_start]breed[blank_end] > unsure as to why, might be safer, undisturbed but [blank_start]not[blank_end] proven
    
    FACT: leatherback turtles when nesting at restricted to waters near the [blank_start]equator[blank_end]
    
    

    1. Acarapace
    2. Bshort
    3. Clong
    4. DGreen
    5. Echeloniidae
    6. Fbreed
    7. Gnot
    8. Hequator
19. 19trackers that can be attached to the [blank_start]carapace[blank_end] of sea turtles may track
    - depth
    - [blank_start]swim[blank_end] speed
    - heart [blank_start]rate[blank_end] monitor
    
    Not just what they are doing but how it effecting their [blank_start]physiology[blank_end]
    
    fact: they return to beach to lay even more eggs a [blank_start]week[blank_end] later after first laying of eggs

    1. Acarapace
    2. Bswim
    3. Crate
    4. Dphysiology
    5. Eweek
20. 20Thermoregulation
    - most reptiles are [blank_start]ectothermic[blank_end] (ic)
    
    BUT the [blank_start]leatherback[blank_end] turtle, family [blank_start]dermochelyidae[blank_end] is an [blank_start]endotherm[blank_end], can produce its own heat
    - it is large so heat lost easily
    - it has a thick layer of [blank_start]blubber[blank_end] under its leathery skin
    - there are [blank_start]countercurrent[blank_end] heat exchangers to save heat
    - the metabolic rate of the leatherback turtle is [blank_start]higher[blank_end] than any other reptile > this is an indicator that it is utilising some of the metabolism to increase body [blank_start]temperature[blank_end]
    - there are possibly deposits of [blank_start]brown[blank_end] fat = brown adipose tissue

    1. Aectothermic
    2. Bdermochelyidae
    3. Cleatherback
    4. Dendotherm
    5. Eblubber
    6. Fcountercurrent
    7. Ghigher
    8. Htemperature
    9. Ibrown

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Marine Vertebrates Quiz on Return to the Sea, created by sophie waddington on 17/05/2018.

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sophie waddington

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