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Learning and Instinct 1

sophie waddington 15 questions

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Questions in this quiz (15)

  1. 1Lorenz's 'classical' definition of behaviour
    - [blank_start]Tinbergen[blank_end] and lorenz studied many instinctual behaviours they termed [blank_start]innate[blank_end] behaviours
    - tinbergen and lorenz were the founding fathers of behaviour research

    Lorenz argued that the existence of innate forms of behaviour provided evidence of a a [blank_start]genetic[blank_end] basis of behaviour

    Lorenz defined behaviour as belonging to 2 categories
    1. [blank_start]innate[blank_end] behaviour = inborn and derived from the anima;'s gene a.k.a. instinct
    2. [blank_start]learned[blank_end] behaviour = behaviour acquired during its lifetime via experience

    as part of his definition he though that [blank_start]innate[blank_end] behaviour was both irreversible and not learned or effected by experience

    both [blank_start]tinbergen[blank_end] and lorenz studied wild animals in their natural environment, for the most part, they did [blank_start]not[blank_end] do lab studies
    1. ATinbergen
    2. Binnate
    3. Cgenetic
    4. Dinnate
    5. Elearned
    6. Finnate
    7. Gtinbergen
    8. Hnot
  2. 2Instincts/[blank_start]Innate[blank_end]
    - a behaviour pattern that appears in fully functional form the [blank_start]first[blank_end] time its performed, even tho the animal has had [blank_start]no[blank_end] experience of the stimuli eliciting it
    - often depends on upon the animal's [blank_start]motivational[blank_end] state or developmental state
    > a motivational state = hunger e.g. [blank_start]pecking[blank_end] behaviour is more apparent when hungry
    > a [blank_start]developmental[blank_end] stage = [blank_start]imprinting[blank_end] has a short window after birth

    innate behaviours were first carefully described by Tinbergen and [blank_start]Lorenz[blank_end]
    - often [blank_start]more[blank_end] complex than reflexes and may involve many neural circuits
    - e.g. [blank_start]nesting[blank_end] behaviour is complex > must collect and assemble the right material
    - 'developmentally [blank_start]fixed[blank_end]' i.e. the behaviour occurs in its typical form regardless of rearing conditions or the current environment
    - don't need to be brought up in a particular way or experience particular things to carry out these innate behaviours
    1. AInnate
    2. Bfirst
    3. Cno
    4. Dmotivational
    5. Edevelopmental
    6. Fpecking
    7. Gimprinting
    8. HLorenz
    9. Imore
    10. Jnesting
    11. Kfixed
  3. 3[blank_start]Sign[blank_end] Stimulus = defined by [blank_start]Tinbergen[blank_end], as the combination of stimuli which elicits an instinctual behaviour
    - e.g. [blank_start]starling[blank_end] feeding its chicks, they begin [blank_start]begging[blank_end] when they see an object resembling the starling mother
    1. ASign
    2. BTinbergen
    3. Cstarling
    4. Dbegging
  4. 4[blank_start]sign[blank_end] stimuli example 3-[blank_start]spined[blank_end] sticklebacks and instinctual territoriality in males
    - 3-spined sticklebacks are sexually [blank_start]dimorphic[blank_end] > males have a [blank_start]red[blank_end] throat patch
    - males build nests in which the females deposit the eggs, males then guard and elicit defensive postures involving turning vertical in the water column
    - [blank_start]Tinbergen[blank_end] wanted to uncover the stimuli eliciting this defensive innate response

    Tinbergen's findings on defensive male behaviour in [blank_start]3[blank_end]-spined [blank_start]sticklebacks[blank_end]
    - used coloured sticks in water
    - silver horizontal stick = [blank_start]no[blank_end] defence response
    - silver [blank_start]vertical[blank_end] stick = moderate defence response
    - red horizontal stick = [blank_start]moderate[blank_end] defence response
    - [blank_start]red[blank_end] vertical stick = strongest defence response

    Tinbergen reasons that the sign stimuli were often [blank_start]configural[blank_end] stimuli
    - configural stimuli = several stimulus features presented in concert/coordination
    - several features are presented at the [blank_start]same[blank_end] time in a particular way e.g. in this example you have to present something red and vertical in order to elicit a full response

    you tend to see that sign stimuli tend to be very reliable innate behaviours, otherwise they are too costly
    - innate behaviours only evolved where the benefit is really [blank_start]high[blank_end] or the cost of not performing them is very high     Image for question 4
    1. Aspined
    2. Bsign
    3. Cdimorphic
    4. Dred
    5. E3
    6. Fsticklebacks
    7. GTinbergen
    8. Hno
    9. Ivertical
    10. Jmoderate
    11. Kred
    12. Lconfigural
    13. Msame
    14. Nhigh
  5. 5[blank_start]Lorenz[blank_end] and Tinbergen's Egg Experiment
    - e.g. [blank_start]greylag[blank_end] goose, rolls egg back into nest continuously = innate behaviour
    - greylag goose only performs this behaviour when [blank_start]nesting[blank_end] (developmental stage)
    - [blank_start]sign[blank_end] stimulus = anything pale in colour and slightly spherical
    - [blank_start]tinbergen[blank_end] and lorenz present pale spherical objects = the greylag [blank_start]goose[blank_end] continued to roll them into the nest > [blank_start]cost[blank_end] benefit analysis = better to roll something in that is not an egg rather than lose an egg    Image for question 5
    1. ALorenz
    2. Bgreylag
    3. Cnesting
    4. Dsign
    5. Etinbergen
    6. Fgoose
    7. Gcost
  6. 6Stimulus [blank_start]filtering[blank_end]
    - the integration of sensory signals and motor output in the amphibian brain
    - [blank_start]stimulus[blank_end] filtering = how the brain filters out unimportant sensory information and tunes sensory organs to important stimulus features
    - e.g. [blank_start]toads[blank_end] are really good at detecting moving stimuli in the environment
    - can start to make predictions of what features animals have, look at prey and predators of toads and think what they have in common/how they differ

    toads
    - prey = [blank_start]low[blank_end] lying, rectangular, slow moving and small

    predators = large, upright [blank_start]fast[blank_end] moving

    experiments to prove [blank_start]sign[blank_end] stimuli predictions
    - predictions were met = horizontal and low lying (like prey) stimuli elicited a predation response, the toads tried to catch with tongue
    - big, vertical, fast moving sign stimuli = elicited an [blank_start]anti[blank_end]-predator defence, moved away

    these responses to sign stimuli can be exploited, [blank_start]caterpillars[blank_end] arch up and look more vertical when near toad, to trick into thinking they are predators (but on the whole the behaviour is beneficial)
    1. Afiltering
    2. Bstimulus
    3. Ctoads
    4. Dlow
    5. Efast
    6. Fsign
    7. Ganti
    8. Hcaterpillars
  7. 7Imprinted behaviour a process through which the [blank_start]social[blank_end] preferences of young animals become restricted to a particular stimulus or class of stimuli
    - newly hatched goslings (geese) [blank_start]imprint[blank_end] on the first thing they see, usually a parent
    - because they have formed an imprint of the image of one of their parents, they will follow where they go

    [blank_start]Lorenz[blank_end] showed that geese displaced both filial imprinting and sexual imprinting

    [blank_start]filial[blank_end] imprinting = occurs immediately after [blank_start]birth[blank_end], an animal forms an association between a visual object and its status as a family member

    [blank_start]sexual[blank_end] imprinting = sexual preferences imprinted as a result of rearing environment

    Geese that has filial imprinted on lorenz displayed courtship behaviour to [blank_start]humans[blank_end] rather than geese
    1. Asocial
    2. Bimprint
    3. CLorenz
    4. Dfilial
    5. Ebirth
    6. Fsexual
    7. Ghumans
  8. 8Environmental characteristics can be imprinted
    e.g. [blank_start]salmon[blank_end] imprint on the scent on the river they grow up i
    - hypothesis = they imprint on the odour of home river and are able to locate it using this imprinted odour

    EXPERIMENT
    - reared some salmon in an artificial setting, exposed to [blank_start]morpholine[blank_end]
    - reared some salmon in an artificial setting [blank_start]not[blank_end] exposed to morpholine
    - then released into the wild and found that salmon raised with morpholine would stay in areas where [blank_start]morpholine[blank_end] was released
    - however the other group ([blank_start]not[blank_end] raised with morpholine) were unaffected by the presence of morpholine

    there was also a controlled group for the group raised with morpholine, were they released no morpholine into the water, so see whether the salmon were just aggregating around the same area for another reason    Image for question 8
    1. Asalmon
    2. Bmorpholine
    3. Cnot
    4. Dmorpholine
    5. Enot
  9. 9Imprinting that occurs during development influences adult behaviour
    - sexual imprinting occurs to a greater extent in [blank_start]great[blank_end] tits than blue tits
    - great tit chicks were fostered with blue tits, found that they selected [blank_start]blue[blank_end] tits as partners (they had imprinted on their cross-fostered parents and effected their mate choice)
    - blue tits were fostered by great tits, then went on to mate with [blank_start]blue[blank_end] tits > no imprinting on their cross-fostered partners had occurred

    so blue tits do not show sexual imprinting but [blank_start]great[blank_end] tits do    Image for question 9
    1. Agreat
    2. Bblue
    3. Cblue
    4. Dgreat
  10. 10Tinbergen showed that when [blank_start]Herring[blank_end] gull chicks emerge they have an innate pecking/behaviour response to the [blank_start]red[blank_end] spot on their parents bill
    - chick pecking/begging behaviour is specific to a particular [blank_start]sign[blank_end] stimuli
    - presented birds with fake heads, they respond strongly to anything with a red spot
    - you can get them to respond even more strongly to an artificial stimuli that is more [blank_start]red[blank_end]
    - this tells us that these birds may have started off with these small red spots, then the redder the spot the stronger the response in the chicks = may have lead to better survival fitness, so bigger red spots may have been [blank_start]selected[blank_end] for due to the chicks behaviour    Image for question 10
    1. AHerring
    2. Bred
    3. Csign
    4. Dred
    5. Eselected

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Description
Behaviour Quiz on Learning and Instinct 1, created by sophie waddington on 06/01/2019.
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