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Cardiovascular System 2

sophie waddington 16 questions

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Questions in this quiz (16)

  1. 1Lungfish and Amphibian vs. Fish
    - lungfish/amphibians take advantage of [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] that is in air, the oxygen in the air is more accessible that the oxygen in water
    - lungfish when oxygen level starts to drop, they extract oxygen from air pushed into their lung, needs a blood supply associated with it
    - adaptation to have a [blank_start]double[blank_end] circulation
    - modifications of partial or complete partition in the atrium: making the left and right atrium

    The arrival of the lungs
    - double circulation
    - modification in [blank_start]conus[blank_end] arteriosus to separate flow
    - semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated blood to lungs (spiral valve)

    [blank_start]Spiral[blank_end] valve
    - there is a flap within the conus [blank_start]arteriosus[blank_end] called the spiral [blank_start]valve[blank_end], the spiral valve allow separation of flow
    - deoxygenated blood comes into the heart, the flow of blood is separated due to the [blank_start]spiral[blank_end] valve
    - deoxygenated blood going to the lung and oxygenated blood blood going to the body     Image for question 1
    1. Aoxygen
    2. Bdouble
    3. Cconus
    4. DSpiral
    5. Earteriosus
    6. Fvalve
    7. Gspiral
  2. 2Amphibian heart
    - the amphibian heart has 3 chambers: 2 [blank_start]atria[blank_end] (upper chamber) and [blank_start]1[blank_end] ventricle
    - the [blank_start]spiral[blank_end] valve directs oxygenated blood entering the ventricle from the left atrium
    - [blank_start]conus[blank_end] arteriosus (also called the bulbus cordis) = swelling of ventral aorta, smooth muscle
    - can think of the heart as having some separation due to the [blank_start]spiral[blank_end] valve, but oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood is mixed in the same ventricle > this is not very efficient, sending some blood that is already oxygenated back to the lungs
    - very [blank_start]low[blank_end] pressure system, because both systems are connected    Image for question 2
    1. Aatria
    2. B1
    3. Cspiral
    4. Dconus
    5. Espiral
    6. Flow
  3. 3[blank_start]Reptile[blank_end] heart
    - simply 3 chambers: 2 atria, 1 ventricle
    - but there is a [blank_start]septum[blank_end] this time, the heart is functionally divided, functionally divided circulation but there is a additional chamber = cavum venosum

    the [blank_start]cavum[blank_end] ateriosus, cavum [blank_start]pulmonale[blank_end] and [blank_start]cavum[blank_end] venosum constitute the ventricle = these 3 chambers make up the ventricle

    so in the reptile heart: the heart consists of 3 chambers: 2 atria (left and right atria) and 1 ventricle

    the 1 ventricle is subdivided by the intraventricular septum making 2 main areas
    - the cavum [blank_start]arteriosus[blank_end]
    - the [blank_start]cavum[blank_end] pulmonale

    (there is also the cavum [blank_start]venosum[blank_end], at the top of the left side)



    Image for question 3
    1. AReptile
    2. Bseptum
    3. Ccavum
    4. Dpulmonale
    5. Ecavum
    6. Farteriosus
    7. Gcavum
    8. Hvenosum
  4. 4The reptile heart cont. (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
    - the cavum [blank_start]pulmonale[blank_end] receives blood from the right atrium
    - the [blank_start]cavum[blank_end] arteriosus receives blood from the left atrium

    Venous blood (deoxygenated blood) is collected from the body into the sinus venosus and passed into the right atrium, which pumps the blood into the [blank_start]cavum[blank_end] pulmonale, which is a section of the single ventricle, which when contracted pumps the blood via the pulmonary arteries into the lung, so the blood can be oxygenated again

    Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary [blank_start]veins[blank_end], through the left atrium, oxygenated blood is then pumped into the cavum arteriosus section of the 1 ventricle
    - the blood (oxygenated) is then pumped into the systemic circulation (body) via a THIRD area of the same 1 ventricle, known as the cavum [blank_start]venosum[blank_end] and the left and right aortic trunks    Image for question 4
    1. Apulmonale
    2. Bcavum
    3. Ccavum
    4. Dveins
    5. Evenosum
  5. 5why is the reptile heart functional?
    - when the 1 ventricle contracts the intraventricular septum separates, but only a [blank_start]partial[blank_end] separation > these animals can utilise this feature:
    > if you stop breathing, there is [blank_start]no[blank_end] point putting blood through the lung
    - can then increase [blank_start]resistance[blank_end] in the pulmonary circuit > if you decrease the diameter this increases the resistance, takes more pressure to push blood into the pulmonary circuit
    - so we have a right to [blank_start]left[blank_end] shunt > reptiles are constantly doing this, because they are not breathing regularly

    SO: this right to left [blank_start]shunt[blank_end], allowed by the partial seperation of the septum, also the reptiles to bypass the pulmonary circuit, so blood can just flow to the systemic system (to the [blank_start]body[blank_end]) = efficient    Image for question 5
    1. Apartial
    2. Bno
    3. Cresistance
    4. Dleft
    5. Eshunt
    6. Fbody
  6. 6Blood flow in [blank_start]green[blank_end] turtle
    - sits at the bottom of tanks, every so often the green turtle will come to the surface to breathe
    - Bevan in his PHD put a mask on the surface in which the turtle breathed in when surfacing, flow meters then recorded how much was expired and how much oxygen was taken in
    - measured [blank_start]blood[blank_end] flow
    - from this saw high pulmonary and aortic blood flow, still blood flow in the aorta, systemic blood flow keeps going
    - but there was virtually [blank_start]no[blank_end] flow in the pulmonary circulation
    - the lung is devoid of [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end], has exchanged some (still some oxygen in there) just a lower level, the green turtle is using the oxygen a bit like a scuba tank
    - the green turtle gradually utilises oxygen in the lung
    - needs to put a lot of blood flow in lung (high blood flow in pulmonary circulation) when swimming to the surface

    Whilst on the front of it, it looks like a primitive system = the two sides are connected, however, it is a system that is ideally suited to the means in which they ventilate their lungs: whilst resting they breathe [blank_start]less[blank_end] often

    1. Agreen
    2. Bblood
    3. Cno
    4. Doxygen
    5. Eless
  7. 7Crocodile circulation on the other hand is more similar to the mammalian/avian circulation in the fact there is a completely divided ventricle
    - left and right sides of the heart are still connected in the crocodile heart by the [blank_start]foramen[blank_end] of Panizza
    - the foramen of [blank_start]panizza[blank_end] is a hole in the crocodile heart that connects the left and right aorta
    - pressure changes in the pulmonary circuit (to the lung) can change the flow of blood in the heart
    - mixing possibly takes place in the crocodile heart > but the whole of separation is to allow different pressures in the 2 systems

    In order to get a constant low pressure to respiratory organ and high pressure to tissues you need separation, however in the crocodile they have this hole the foramen of [blank_start]panizza[blank_end] between the right and left aorta = problem?
    - however, if you change the [blank_start]resistance[blank_end], then you can prevent mixing

    1. Aforamen
    2. Bpanizza
    3. Cpanizza
    4. Dresistance
  8. 8What they have = a link between the left and right aorta = foramen of [blank_start]panizza[blank_end]
    - if you change the [blank_start]resistance[blank_end] this prevents mixing
    - changing the resistance in the pulmonary circulation prevents mixing

    BUT more complicated
    foramen of panizza = valves between aortic trunks to divert blood, allows ventricle to pump both arches when right ventricle is closed
    - what happens with these animals, they sit in the water being fairly inactive waiting for prey

    just like in the green turtle:
    - the lungs are not utilised
    - blood [blank_start]not[blank_end] pumped to lungs
    - right ventricle helps pump systemic blood (right ventricle pumps blood to the [blank_start]body[blank_end]) via the right aorta

    SO: when swimming to the surface you get right-left [blank_start]shunt[blank_end]
    - then during submersion when the lungs are not utilised, then both ventricles pump into the [blank_start]systemic[blank_end] circulation (to the body)
    - as surface: [blank_start]no[blank_end] blood is flowing into the systemic circuit from the right ventricle
    - during diving: no blood flow into pulmonary circuit, it instead is going into the systemic circuit

    whilst we have a fully divided heart in the [blank_start]crocodile[blank_end], its not the full hog, there is still the connection between the 2 circuits (pulmonary and systemic), they are able to bypass the pulmonary circulation     Image for question 8
    1. Apanizza
    2. Bresistance
    3. Cnot
    4. Dbody
    5. Eshunt
    6. Fsystemic
    7. Gno
    8. Hcrocodile
  9. 9BUT EVEN MORE COMPLICATED
    - found within crocodile heart there are a series of cog wheel [blank_start]valves[blank_end] = working of which is still being worked out
    - linked to the ability of the animals to swift the flow between right and left sides called [blank_start]cog[blank_end] valves because look like cogs    Image for question 9
    1. Acog
    2. Bvalves
  10. 10Mammalian and Avian heart
    - 4 chambered heart: 2 atria and 2 ventricles, [blank_start]no[blank_end] longer any connection between the 2 sides of the heart, illustrates that by a completely divided heart we have essentially gone back to single circulation with 2 pumps

    2 pumps: 1 pump to the lungs, 1 pump to the [blank_start]systemic[blank_end] circulation (to the body)
    - so can change the pressure on one side compared to the other
    - [blank_start]low[blank_end] pressure system to lung with fast flows
    - high pressure system and high flow system to systemic system (to the tissues)

    In the embryos the left and right atria are [blank_start]not[blank_end] separated
    Image for question 10
    1. Ano
    2. Bsystemic
    3. Clow
    4. Dnot

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Description
Physiology Quiz on Cardiovascular System 2, created by sophie waddington on 20/01/2019.
Language
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