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Reptiles

sophie waddington 27 questions

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  1. 1Reptiles: a group that has now fully colonised land through the development of 2 character complexes, that allowed the divorce from the aquatic habitat
    1. the evolution of an egg with a shell that is impermeable to [blank_start]water[blank_end] (but allowing [blank_start]gas[blank_end] exchange) > can be left in a dry environment, unlike the amphibian egg

    2. a combination of traits that decreased [blank_start]water[blank_end] loss, such as skin that was impermebale to water (apomorphy) and kidneys that could excrete [blank_start]concentrated[blank_end] urine (a [blank_start]plesiomorphy[blank_end], shared with lissamphibia)

    the vertebrates that evolved these traits are called [blank_start]amniotes[blank_end] (after the type of egg they produce)
    1. Aplesiomorphy
    2. Bwater
    3. Cgas
    4. Dwater
    5. Econcentrated
    6. Famniotes
  2. 2Amniote eggs
    - amniote eggs are leathery or have a [blank_start]calcium[blank_end]-impregnated shell that prevents the evaporation of fluids from within, but also [blank_start]gas[blank_end] exchange e.g. oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass via diffusion (very reduced evaporation)
    - these amniote eggs store big quantities of [blank_start]yolk[blank_end] that allow to embryo to attain a relatively advanced state of development before it hatches    Image for question 2
    1. Acalcium
    2. Bgas
    3. Cyolk
  3. 3The egg of reptiles (the amniote egg) does [blank_start]not[blank_end] require a moist environment like those of amphibians, which must be laid in water
    - the egg stores big quantities of yolk so that the embryo can attain an advanced stage of [blank_start]development[blank_end] before hatching

    The amniote egg has 4 extra embryonic membranes opposed to the amphibian egg, surrounding the embryo protecting it
    - they still have an amnion surround the embryo itself, protecting it
    1. [blank_start]amnion[blank_end]

    2. chorion = the [blank_start]chorion[blank_end] goes around inside of the egg [blank_start]shell[blank_end], in close contact
    > through the shell and the chorion membrane gas diffusion takes place
    > the chorion surrounds the embryo and the yolk [blank_start]sac[blank_end]

    3. the [blank_start]yolk[blank_end] sac = because amniote eggs can be bigger than amphibian eggs, they have big amounts of nutrients, surrounds the yolk the nourishes the embryo

    4. Allantois = the [blank_start]allantois[blank_end] membrane evolved to store [blank_start]nitrogenous[blank_end] waste and aid gas exchange between the embryo and egg surface
    - one is of the development of the egg that is impermeable to water loss, if that waste products still accumulate which are toxic, so must get rid of this waste, so the allantois is essentially where all the [blank_start]waste[blank_end] products are stored away from the developing embryos

    the allantois grows with the embryo and merges with the [blank_start]chorion[blank_end] to form the chorioallantoic membrane    Image for question 3
    1. Anot
    2. Bdevelopment
    3. Camnion
    4. Dchorion
    5. Eshell
    6. Fsac
    7. Gyolk
    8. Hallantois
    9. Initrogenous
    10. Jwaste
    11. Kchorion
  4. 4So the amniote egg has 4 extra embryonic membranes
    1. [blank_start]amnion[blank_end] = surrounds the embryo itself
    2. chorion = surrounds the embryo and yolk sac
    3. yolk [blank_start]sac[blank_end] = surrounds the yolk
    3. [blank_start]allantois[blank_end] = evolved to store nitrogenous waste and aid gas exchange between the embryo and the egg surface


    the allantois grows with the embryo and merges with the chorion to form the [blank_start]chorioallantoic[blank_end] membrane
    - the chorioallantoic membrane = [blank_start]chorion[blank_end] merged with allantois membrane
    Image for question 4
    1. Asac
    2. Bamnion
    3. Cchorion
    4. Dallantois
    5. Echorioallantoic
  5. 5Main groups of Reptilia= reptiles are the [blank_start]first[blank_end] group that evolved from this amniotic egg, the ability to divorce themselves from the aquatic environment
    - Synapsids = [blank_start]synapsids[blank_end] are mammal-like reptiles including ancestors of mammals

    - [blank_start]Sauropsids[blank_end] - sauropsids are lizard like reptiles
    > anapsids = [blank_start]anapsids[blank_end] are 'parareptiles' including [blank_start]testudines[blank_end] = turtles, tortoises and terrapins
    > [blank_start]diapsids[blank_end] = diapsids include archosaurs (dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds) and lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes)

    1. Afirst
    2. Bsynapsids
    3. CSauropsids
    4. Danapsids
    5. Etestudines
    6. Fdiapsids
  6. 6Anapsid, synapsid or diapsid?
    - relates to the number of temporal [blank_start]fenestra[blank_end] = [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] fenestra are a small natural hole or opening, especially in a bone, 'windows'

    1. [blank_start]ANAPSID[blank_end]
    > most primitive
    > the only hole in anapsid skulls are linked to the eye
    > attachment of muscles is limited, can only attach muscles at the [blank_start]back[blank_end] of the skull
    > no hole

    If you start having extra holes you can change the way in which [blank_start]muscles[blank_end] can be attached, but utilising the holes

    2. [blank_start]SYNAPSID[blank_end]
    > the synapsid form is fairly primitive, there is a [blank_start]single[blank_end] hole towards the back of the skull behind the eye socket
    > all mammals have synapsid skulls however, harder to see in current mammals

    3. [blank_start]DIAPSID[blank_end]
    > includes all dinosaurs, snakes, lizards and birds
    > [blank_start]2[blank_end] holes
    > gives a lot more variation in the muscle attachment
    > [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] the size and weight of the skull (crucial in birds)    Image for question 6
    1. Afenestra
    2. Btemporal
    3. CANAPSID
    4. Dback
    5. Emuscles
    6. FSYNAPSID
    7. Gsingle
    8. HDIAPSID
    9. I2
    10. Jdecreases
  7. 7Looking at modern day skulls, a lot of the [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] fenestra (holes) have been lost or merged to form gaps
    - however, some still posses the ancestral diapsid condition

    Mammals have merged the orbit and the temporal [blank_start]fenestra[blank_end]
    - the changes to the temporal fenestra changed the capability of the skull
    - by looking at the structure of bones we can see where [blank_start]muscles[blank_end] attached, and deduce what the muscles were used for

    One constraint of the skull is there may be a limit to how much [blank_start]force[blank_end] can be applied, e.g. if there is not enough space for the muscle to bulge, the force exerted by that muscle is limited
    > as soon as there is another point of attachment there is more space for the muscle to [blank_start]bulge[blank_end] and produce more force

    With the development of the skull, this allowed for muscles to be attached in [blank_start]different[blank_end] ways and to different parts
    - this allowed not only a simply bite of shutting the jaws but the bite could also be stronger
    - these changes had big impacts on how animals can feed    Image for question 7
    1. Atemporal
    2. Bfenestra
    3. Cmuscles
    4. Dforce
    5. Ebulge
    6. Fdifferent
  8. 8Relationship of amniotes
    - the amniotes arose in the late [blank_start]Devonian[blank_end] period about 370 [blank_start]million[blank_end] years ago
    - the synapsids split off from the sauropsida = reptiles and the birds
    - the anapsids split from the [blank_start]diapsids[blank_end]    Image for question 8
    1. ADevonian
    2. Bmillion
    3. Cdiapsids
  9. 9Relationships of Archosaurs
    - the [blank_start]diapsids[blank_end] split into the archosaurs (dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds) and the [blank_start]lepidosaurs[blank_end] (lizards and snakes)

    SO: the diapsids = [blank_start]two[blank_end] holes in the skull
    - comprise the [blank_start]archosaurs[blank_end] = dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds > the dinosaurs gave rise to the birds
    - and the lepidosaurs = lizards and snakes    Image for question 9
    1. Alepidosaurs
    2. Barchosaurs
    3. Cdiapsids
    4. Dtwo
  10. 10Archosaurs dominated the Mesozoic era
    - Dinosauria can be split into 2 groups

    1. [blank_start]Saurischia[blank_end] = Saurischia meaning [blank_start]lizard[blank_end] hipped in which the pelvis is [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] to the femur
    > Sauropodomorphs
    > Apatosaurus, Diplodocus
    > Theropods
    > Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor, Birds

    2. [blank_start]Ornithischia[blank_end] > the ornithischia are the [blank_start]bird[blank_end] hipped dinosaurs whose hip/pelvis is [blank_start]not[blank_end] parallel to their femur
    > Ornithopods e.g. Hadrosaurs (duckbills)
    > Pachycephalosaurs (thick heads)
    > Stegosaurs (plated) and Ankylosaurs (armoured)
    > Ceratopsians (horned)
    Image for question 10
    1. ASaurischia
    2. Blizard
    3. Cparallel
    4. DOrnithischia
    5. Ebird
    6. Fnot

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Description
Vertebrate Biology Quiz on Reptiles, created by sophie waddington on 17/02/2019.
Language
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