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Birds 3

sophie waddington 13 questions Updated 27 Feb 2019

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Questions in this quiz (13)

  1. 1Birds fly because they have feathers which provide the flight surface, feathers and flight define modern birds but in past animals that had feathers were not birds e.g. theropods, evolved for some other purpose

    Feathers: the different types
    - e.g. down, flight, contour, semiplumes
    - [blank_start]down[blank_end] feathers are also known as '[blank_start]neossoptiles[blank_end]'; down feathers = neossoptiles
    - other feather types are known as 'teleoptiles' (true feathers)

    Feathers are mainly composed of [blank_start]keratin[blank_end], but also contain melanin which is a pigment, and other pigments such as [blank_start]carotenoid[blank_end] pigments giving the yellow/orange colours
    1. Aneossoptiles
    2. Bdown
    3. Ckeratin
    4. Dcarotenoid
  2. 2Feathers also have colour due to physical mechanisms
    - white = a 'colour' generated by reflection of [blank_start]all[blank_end] wavelengths
    - blue colours are formed by [blank_start]reflection[blank_end] of incident light from turbid porous layers over melanin
    - iridescent colours e.g .seen in hummingbirds are generated by interference

    feathers are [blank_start]dead[blank_end] structures when they are fully grown, so need to be replaced
    - when growing, feathers have a [blank_start]blood[blank_end] supply, well endowed with blood vessels
    1. Aall
    2. Breflection
    3. Cdead
    4. Dblood
  3. 3down feathers are known as '[blank_start]neossoptiles[blank_end]'

    other feather types are known as [blank_start]teleoptiles[blank_end], which means true feathers

    neossoptiles

    teleoptiles
    1. Aneossoptiles
    2. Bteleoptiles
  4. 4contour feathers
    - [blank_start]contour[blank_end] feathers cover the [blank_start]body[blank_end] > they are fairly symmetrical, for they do [blank_start]not[blank_end] have the airfoil function

    [blank_start]down[blank_end] feathers (neossoptiles) are soft and fluffy, they trap air and create a layer of [blank_start]insulation[blank_end] next to the birds body

    filoplume feather
    - [blank_start]filoplume[blank_end] feathers = are hairlike feathers, very fine shaft with a few short barbs at the end
    - the filoplume feathers are typically covered by other feathers and may function and pressure and vibration receptors, also serve as [blank_start]display[blank_end] function (used in displays)

    [blank_start]semiplume[blank_end] feathers
    - semiplume feathers are an intermediate between down and [blank_start]contour[blank_end] feathers

    [blank_start]bristle[blank_end] feathers
    - bristle feathers have a stiff shaft and barbs only on the base or not at all
    - occur most commonly around the base of the bill, [blank_start]eyes[blank_end] and as eye lashes    Image for question 4
    1. Acontour
    2. Bbody
    3. Cnot
    4. Ddown
    5. Einsulation
    6. Ffiloplume
    7. Gdisplay
    8. Hcontour
    9. Isemiplume
    10. Jbristle
    11. Keyes
  5. 5Flight feathers- [blank_start]remiges[blank_end] (remiges = flight feathers) and rectrices
    - [blank_start]primaries[blank_end] cover the hand, primaries provide thrust in downstroke, the number of primaries ranges from 9-[blank_start]11[blank_end]; not major differences in numbers between species
    - secondaries cover the radius and [blank_start]ulna[blank_end] and the number of secondaries varies a lot more e.g. hummingbirds have very few, [blank_start]albatrosses[blank_end] have a lot

    The feathers are embedded in the skin [blank_start]not[blank_end] inserted into the bone    Image for question 5
    1. Aremiges
    2. Bprimaries
    3. C11
    4. Dulna
    5. Ealbatrosses
    6. Fnot
  6. 6Quill Knobs
    - feathers are inserted into the skin [blank_start]not[blank_end] the bone however:
    - [blank_start]secondaries[blank_end] (over the radius and ulna) are connected to [blank_start]ligaments[blank_end] which connect to bones: connection between bone and skin
    - there are ligamentous connections which maintain the strength

    Image for question 6
    1. Anot
    2. Bsecondaries
    3. Cligaments
  7. 7the bases of primary and secondary flight feathers are covered by other feathers which are arranged in distinct tracts

    primary feathers with slotting and emargination, their base is covered by primary [blank_start]coverts[blank_end]

    the [blank_start]alula[blank_end] = 3-4 feathers covering the first digit    Image for question 7
    1. Acoverts
    2. Balula
  8. 8Arrangement of feathers
    - the whole body of the bird is covered by feathers however this is [blank_start]not[blank_end] random > they are arranged into distinct tracts

    pterylae = [blank_start]pterylae[blank_end] are distinct tracts of feathers growing down the body and wings
    - the spaces in between these distinct tracts called [blank_start]pterylae[blank_end], are referred to as apteryia
    - the [blank_start]apteryia[blank_end] are the gaps between the main contour feather tracts, these gaps are filled with [blank_start]down[blank_end] feathers and semiplume feathers at the edges

    Northern, temperature species have apteryia filled with down and [blank_start]semiplume[blank_end] feathers for they need to conserve heat
    - in tropical species they tend [blank_start]not[blank_end] to have feathers on the apteryia     Image for question 8
    1. Anot
    2. Bpterylae
    3. Cpterylae
    4. Dapteryia
    5. Edown
    6. Fsemiplume
    7. Gnot
  9. 9Feathers are epidermal structures
    - the skin of birds is different to vertebrates: the [blank_start]skin[blank_end] is loose, thin and dry

    they have [blank_start]no[blank_end] sweat glands
    - the only cutaneous gland is the [blank_start]uropygial[blank_end] gland (a.k.a the preen gland)

    Keeping feathers in good oder: [blank_start]preen[blank_end] gland (a.k.a the uropygial gland) at the base of the tail secretes waxes, fatty acids, fat and water to coat the [blank_start]feathers[blank_end] to keep them in good condition
    1. Askin
    2. Bno
    3. Curopygial
    4. Dpreen
    5. Efeathers
  10. 10Structure of feathers: calamus or quill, rachis (shaft), barbs, barbules, hooks and ridges, and vanes

    the shaft in the middle of the feather is called the [blank_start]rachis[blank_end]

    The [blank_start]barbs[blank_end] originate from the [blank_start]shaft[blank_end] (rachis)
    - the [blank_start]barbules[blank_end] originate from the barbs
    - barbules possess [blank_start]ridges[blank_end] or hooks that keep barbules together; these [blank_start]hooks[blank_end] and ridges on barbule allow it to be an air barrier to generate lift

    Image for question 10
    1. Arachis
    2. Bshaft
    3. Cbarbules
    4. Dbarbs
    5. Eridges
    6. Fhooks

Information

Description
Vertebrate Biology Quiz on Birds 3, created by sophie waddington on 27/02/2019.
Language
English
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Created on 27 Feb 2019 · updated on 27 Feb 2019
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