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Mammals L1

sophie waddington 13 questions Updated 12 Mar 2019

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Questions in this quiz (13)

  1. 1There is huge diversity in the mammal group
    - smallest mammal = pygmy [blank_start]shrew[blank_end] or bat are the smallest mammals, weighing about 3g
    - biggest mammal = [blank_start]blue[blank_end] whale = 140,000kg

    SUCH A LOT OF DIVERSITY

    Last year the UK mammal society produced the first census of UK mammals in 15 years
    - looked at every UK mammal species = their [blank_start]range[blank_end] and distribution
    - about [blank_start]25[blank_end]% (1/4) of UK mammals are in decline in either their range or abundance
    1. A25
    2. Bshrew
    3. Cblue
    4. Drange
  2. 2mammal = a [blank_start]warm[blank_end]-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of [blank_start]hair[blank_end] or fur, females that secrete milk for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of [blank_start]live[blank_end] young.
    > they have [blank_start]mammary[blank_end] glands to produce and deliver milk to their young

    What is an amniote?
    - [blank_start]amniote[blank_end] = a tetrapod (4 limbed) vertebrate with a membrane shelled egg > which allows [blank_start]gas[blank_end] exchange

    Skull types have changed from [blank_start]anapsid[blank_end] skulls which possess no temporal fenestra e.g. turtles > to synapsid skulls with a single [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] fenestra to a diapsid skull which has a double [blank_start]fenestra[blank_end], which is typical of lizards and snakes

    Image for question 2
    1. Awarm
    2. Bhair
    3. Clive
    4. Dmammary
    5. Eamniote
    6. Fgas
    7. Ganapsid
    8. Htemporal
    9. Ifenestra
  3. 3What defines the nodes in a [blank_start]cladogram[blank_end]? = synapomorphies
    - a [blank_start]synapomorphy[blank_end] = a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants

    Cladogram of different synapsid groups = the precursors to mammals with the same skull type (synapsid = 1 single [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] fenestra)
    - branch coming off the cladogram signifies a change, something that distinguishes/separates the group
    - dagger = [blank_start]extinct[blank_end], so all information comes from bones/fossil record
    - evolutionary time progresses to the right    Image for question 3
    1. Acladogram
    2. Bsynapomorphy
    3. Ctemporal
    4. Dextinct
  4. 4Mammal-like reptiles: [blank_start]Pelycosaurs[blank_end]
    - abundant terrestrial forms in the late Carboniferous/early Permian (320-265 million years ago)
    - variety of feeding modes i.e. [blank_start]herbivores[blank_end] and carnivores with primitive heterodonty ([blank_start]heterodonty[blank_end] = different kinds of teeth, the pelycosaurs had very primitive teeth, [blank_start]not[blank_end] as defined and diverse)
    - the pelycosaurs were relatively long limbed with a parasagittal [blank_start]gait[blank_end] (compared to other reptiles)
    > [blank_start]parasagittal[blank_end] gait = from a dorsal-ventral view moves each side at a time
    - the pelycosaurs had elongated neural [blank_start]spines[blank_end] on their vertebrae (weight-bearing)
    - dorsal sail on the back: the [blank_start]sail[blank_end] increases the surface area of the animal so can heat up quickly, can angle the sail away/towards the sun
    Image for question 4
    1. APelycosaurs
    2. Bherbivores
    3. Cheterodonty
    4. Dnot
    5. Egait
    6. Fparasagittal
    7. Gspines
    8. Hsail
  5. 5Therapsids
    - came a bit later after the pelycosaurs, in the late [blank_start]Permian[blank_end] period (240 million years ago) before the break up of [blank_start]Pangea[blank_end]
    - Pangea = all the continents were joined, so Therapsids had a worldwide/widespread distribution
    - longer limbs
    - more [blank_start]up[blank_end]right stance
    - start to see a decrease in the number of ribs
    - we part to possible see the presence of a [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end] in the Therapsids

    e.g. Cynognathus crateronotus
    - not very big; 0.5m in length
    - very different teeth = heterodonty, thought to be a [blank_start]carnivore[blank_end]
    - see compared to pelycosaurs and the reptiles = we get a decrease in the [blank_start]lumbar[blank_end] ribs

    We do not have lumbar ribs; we only have thoracic ribs
    > the lumbar ribs decreasing
    > function of lumbar ribs = maintained [blank_start]pressure[blank_end] within the body, important for breathing underwater
    > lumbar ribs removed, but we possess a [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end] to maintain this pressure to breathe, diaphragm is under our ribs allowing us to expand and contract our lungs    Image for question 5
    1. APermian
    2. BPangea
    3. Cup
    4. Ddiaphragm
    5. Ecarnivore
    6. Flumbar
    7. Gpressure
    8. Hdiaphragm
  6. 6The [blank_start]Cynodonts[blank_end]
    - the cynodonts showed the complete loss of [blank_start]lumbar[blank_end] ribs
    - the non-cynodonts therapsids have reduced lumbar ribs compared to the cynodonts which have [blank_start]no[blank_end] lumbar ribs
    - early [blank_start]mammals[blank_end] also have no lumbar ribs

    Linked to respiration: we also see a change in the skull of Cynodonts
    - top image = lizard; [blank_start]no[blank_end] major distinction/separation between the oral and nasal cavity
    - bottom = early mammals, bigger separation between the oral and [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] cavity > ability to breathe whilst chewing/sucking from the [blank_start]mammary[blank_end] gland

    This is a [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] hard palate
    - the benefit of a having a secondary [blank_start]hard[blank_end] palate allows the mammals to breathe whilst feeding
    - a clear adaptation which allows them to feed their young in a different way
    - a secondary hard [blank_start]palate[blank_end]/passage also allows for heat regulation > nostril hairs, reduces the amount of [blank_start]heat[blank_end] exchange when breathing in and out



    Image for question 6
    1. ACynodonts
    2. Blumbar
    3. Cno
    4. Dmammals
    5. Eno
    6. Fnasal
    7. Gmammary
    8. Hsecondary
    9. Ihard
    10. Jpalate
    11. Kheat
  7. 7Cynodonts
    - cynodont skulls = the bottom jaw was formed from [blank_start]7[blank_end] bones in reptiles, these all have fused into 1 main bone
    - the [blank_start]orbit[blank_end] = the eye hole
    - [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] fossa = our temple, different mammals have got different amounts of the temporal [blank_start]fossa[blank_end], has many different forms and shapes in mammals
    - [blank_start]zygomatic[blank_end] arch = the formation of the cheek bone
    - the zygomatic [blank_start]arch[blank_end] along with the sagittal [blank_start]crest[blank_end] allows really strong muscle development, allowing really strong jaws

    Big carnivores e.g. gorilla have big [blank_start]sagittal[blank_end] crests and big [blank_start]zygomatic[blank_end] arches = allowing for very strong jaws
    - even a Badger has a very strong jaw due to their zygomatic [blank_start]arch[blank_end] and sagittal [blank_start]crest[blank_end]    Image for question 7
    1. A7
    2. Borbit
    3. Ctemporal
    4. Dfossa
    5. Ezygomatic
    6. Farch
    7. Gcrest
    8. Hsagittal
    9. Izygomatic
    10. Jarch
    11. Kcrest
  8. 8Bones:
    - The [blank_start]dentary[blank_end] = lower jaw
    - the squamosal bone = the [blank_start]upper[blank_end] part of jaw
    - [blank_start]articular[blank_end] = second bone at the back of the lower jaw that was present in the reptiles and present in the early cynodonts, but the articular was much reduced in the later cynodonts and the articular was [blank_start]missing[blank_end] from the very late cynodonts or mammals > we do [blank_start]not[blank_end] have this articular bone
    - [blank_start]Quadrate[blank_end] - the quadrate and the articular bone form the hinge of the jaw, where the jaws join together, as we went through evolutionary time these 2 bones (quadrate and [blank_start]articular[blank_end] bones disappear) = we are left with a hinge between the dentary bone and the [blank_start]squamosal[blank_end] bone

    This is one of the defining feature of a mammals - the [blank_start]dentary[blank_end]-squamosal jaw articulation
    - the dentary-[blank_start]squamosal[blank_end] jaw articulation is different from the reptiles and the early mammals

    SO: the cynodonts have an [blank_start]articular[blank_end]-quadrate jaw articulation (these 2 bones have been lost in the mammals)     Image for question 8
    1. Adentary
    2. Bupper
    3. Carticular
    4. Dmissing
    5. Enot
    6. FQuadrate
    7. Garticular
    8. Hsquamosal
    9. Identary
    10. Jsquamosal
    11. Karticular
  9. 9Through the Jurassic period we see the evolution of the mammals
    - if we are looking for the [blank_start]synapomorphies[blank_end] for each of these point, the synapomorphies = defining nodes in a cladogram

    8 = the difference between early and late cynodonts = enlarged dentary = [blank_start]big[blank_end]ger teeth
    9 = difference between next clade = development of [blank_start]prismatic[blank_end] enamel teeth, the surface of the teeth were covered in [blank_start]enamel[blank_end]
    10 = the difference between the prismatic enamel [blank_start]teeth[blank_end] mammals and present day mammals/modern is the [blank_start]dentary[blank_end]-squamosal jaw articulation

    11/12 = later on we get [blank_start]tribosphenic[blank_end] cheek teeth
    - tribosphenic teeth = [blank_start]cheek[blank_end] teeth, precursors to our molars, these [blank_start]tribosphenic[blank_end] teeth define the difference between earlier mammals (monotremes) and the marsupials

    13 - the difference between [blank_start]marsupials[blank_end] and eutheria is the presence of a [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]
    - [blank_start]eutheria[blank_end] = 'new mammals', us, everything that have evolved since the marsupials, the placental mammals    Image for question 9
    1. Asynapomorphies
    2. Bbig
    3. Cprismatic
    4. Denamel
    5. Eteeth
    6. Fdentary
    7. Gtribosphenic
    8. Hcheek
    9. Itribosphenic
    10. Jmarsupials
    11. Keutheria
    12. Lplacenta
  10. 10Tribosphenic [blank_start]cheek[blank_end] teeth
    - [blank_start]tribosphenic[blank_end] cheek teeth define the marsupials from earlier mammals e.g. monotremes
    - the [blank_start]tribosphenic[blank_end] cheek teeth = are the precursors to [blank_start]molars[blank_end]
    - the next synapomorphy from the dentary-[blank_start]squamosal[blank_end] jaw (which defines mammals; no articular or quadrate bones)
    - key features = they have different protocones > at the front have hypocones and [blank_start]metacones[blank_end] (basically points in teeth)
    - at back have paracones
    - the presence of [blank_start]hypocones[blank_end] and metacones (front) and [blank_start]paracones[blank_end] (back) allows the animal to have a shearing point and a crushing point
    - the differentiation in the teeth opens up a huge amount of variation in their [blank_start]diet[blank_end], can access a wider range of prey/dietary items
    - KEY POINT = these cusps/cones all fit well together, this did [blank_start]not[blank_end] happen in the reptiles and cynodonts did not have occlusion of teeth
    Image for question 10
    1. Atribosphenic
    2. Bcheek
    3. Ctribosphenic
    4. Dmolars
    5. Esquamosal
    6. Fmetacones
    7. Ghypocones
    8. Hparacones
    9. Idiet
    10. Jnot

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Description
Vertebrate Biology Quiz on Mammals L1, created by sophie waddington on 12/03/2019.
Language
English
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History
Created on 12 Mar 2019 · updated on 12 Mar 2019
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vertebrate biology
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