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Questions in this quiz (90)
1The earliest books on the interrogation of suspects were
- APublished in the 1940's and 1950's
- BPublished online
- CNot published until the mid 1970's
- DPublished by judges
2Traditionally many investigative interviewing practices have been based on
- AIntuition and experience with little formal training or scientific input
- BExtensive formal training
- CExtensive input from social scientists
- DExtensive public consultation
3In the past, physical abuse of criminal suspects when questioned by police
- AWas legal
- BNever happened
- CWas routine
- DIf not routine, was not unknown
4Investigative interviewing practices are increasingly evolving to become more
- AOpinion-based
- BEvidence-based
- CExperience-based
- DIntuition-based
5Investigative interviewing practices have
- ABeen subject to little scientific study in recent years
- BRemained essentially unchanged in recent years
- CChanged significantly in recent years
- DDeclined in importance in recent years
6According to the Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, private investigators should have a thorough knowledge of
- AForensic science
- BInterviewing techniques
- CConstitutional law
- DPolice procedures
7The amount of scientific research that currently exists on investigative interviewing
- AIs less than it was fifty years ago
- BIs unknown
- CIs irrelevant to professional investigators
- DIs greater than it has ever been before
8The interviewing practices of today's investigators are
- AOf little interest to those outside of the investigative profession
- BUnder more scrutiny by those outside of the investigative profession than ever before
- CExcellent, and not in need of improvement
- DNot affected by the results of scientific research
9There are two key evidentiary "pillars" in investigative work, they are
- AReal and fictional
- BObjective and subjective
- CStatement and physical
- DNatural and manufactured
10Many investigators receive little
- AFormal interview training
- BAssistance from their colleagues when they request it
- CInformation about the laws and procedures governing their work
- DRecognition for their work
11People are much more likely to report having seen something when asked a question
- AThat is open, such as Tell, Explain or Describe
- BContaining a definite article
- CUsing the "question funnel"
- DThat is spontaneous, not planned
12In-attentional blindness is
- AA common medical condition associated with aging
- BThe failure to see or perceive something that is plainly visible but unexpected
- CThe inability to perceive colours when concentrating on a difficult task
- DA phenomenon associated with having suffered psychological trauma
13In order to effectively elicit information from people's memory you need to
- AKnow what they know
- BKnow how to trick people into telling you what you want them to tell you
- CKnow how memory works and what factors can affect it
- DKnow about neurolinguistics
14Scientists have demonstrated the ability to
- ADetect deception with absolute accuracy
- BCause people to generate detailed but false memories of an experienced event
- CDetermine what people are thinking using fMRI technology
- DPrevent people from generating false memories through strategic suggestion
15With respect to a person's recollection of an event from memory
- AConfidence is not a guarantee of accuracy
- BConfidence is a guarantee of accuracy
- CConfidence has absolutely no relationship to accuracy
- DConfidence is inversely related to accuracy
16Because people typically fill in "gaps" in their memory based on such things as assumptions, previous experience and expectations, a person's account of something they witnesses may be
- ATruthful but not factual
- BDeceitful but factual
- CLegal and admissible
- DFull, frank and fair
17One of the essential skills of a good investigative interviewer is
- ATo conduct an interview as quickly as possible
- BThe ability to prevent witnesses from taking "memory shortcuts" when providing a statement
- CThe tendency to suggest possible answers to an interviewee to assist their memory
- DThe ability to talk continuously throughout long interviews
18Memory is a
- APhenomenon for psychologists to study but is not relevant to an investigative interviewer
- BPoorly understood phenomenon about which we know very little
- CMechanism that works exactly the same as a video recorder
- DProcess of reconstructing what you have experienced from fragments of information
19People do not
- AStore traumatic experiences in memory
- BForget things that they have seen, heard or sensed
- CRemember everything they see, hear or sense
- DRemember things that they experienced when they were children
20Research has repeatedly demonstrated that false and/or distorted memories
- AHave no impact on the reliability of witness's statements
- BAre possible in theory but not in practice
- CRarely if ever happen in real life
- DAre quite common
21Active listening techniques include the use of
- AParallaxing
- BParalleling
- CParagraphing
- DParaphrasing
22"TED" questions include
- ATell, Expound, Describe
- BTell, Explain, Describe
- CTell, Expound, Dictate
- DTalk. Explain, Describe
23Asking other people questions and hearing their answers
- AGuarantees that effective communication is taking place
- BDoes not guaranteed that effective communication is taking place
- CPlays no role in guaranteeing effective communication
- DIs of little importance to effective communication
24The "reliability hierarchy" suggests that the reliability of the information that is obtained from an interviewee during an interview tends to
- ADecrease if the interviewer allows the interviewee to speak without interruption
- BIncrease as the interviewer asks more leading questions
- CIncrease as the question types become more specific
- DDecrease as the question types become more specific
25Use of the "questioning funnel" helps to maximize
- ABoth the quantity and quality of information gathered during an interview
- BThe amount of time the interviewer speaks during an interview
- CBoth the length and the duration of the interview
- DThe number of closed questions asked during an interview
26Leading questions are question which
- AShould be asked of all victims, witnesses and suspects
- BAre the most effective type of question type an interviewer can use
- CSuggest an answer or contain information not previously provided to the interviewer by the interviewee
- DShould be used regularly by an interviewer to guide an interviewee
27Active listening is
- AA process that involves the interviewer demonstrating to the interviewee that they are listening
- BThe same thing as hearing
- CA passive process requiring minimal input from the interviewer
- DNot as important as aggressive questioning when seeking to gather detailed information from an interviewee
28Communication is a two way process that
- AInvolves both a sender and a receiver of information
- BIs always effective as long as both parties speak the same language
- CIs simple and straightforward
- DHas not been studied by scientists
29A number of factors can affect whether or not effective communication takes place during an investigative interview, the most important amongst the ones listed below is
- AThe day of the week on which the interview takes place
- BThe time of day on which the interview takes place
- CThe training received by the person conducting the interview
- DPreparation by the interviewer prior to conducting the interview
30The words an interviewee uses when responding to an interviewer's question
- AAlways accurately convey their intended message
- BAre not as important as the interviewer's opinion about what happened
- CDo not always convey their intended message
- DCan always be taken at face value
31Taking different "access routes" during an interview involves trying to elicit information from an interviewee by
- AAsking an interviewee about different aspects of an experience they are attempting to recall, such as, the tone of voice, gestures or emotions present during an argument, where the interviewee is trying to remember what was said during that argument
- BSeeking information by taking random "routes" through an interviewee's memory in hope of stimulating memory recall
- CAccessing memory through the route of least resistance
- DSuggesting a number of possible memories about a particular experience to an interviewee then trying to determine the correct one
32The most powerful component of the enhanced cognitive interview is
- AChange paradigm
- BChange perspective
- CContext reinstatement
- DChange order
33Hundreds of scientific studies have demonstrated that the enhanced cognitive interview
- AGenerates more information than a standard interview
- BGenerates the same amount of information as standard interview
- CGenerates less information than a standard interview
- DGenerates more errors than a standard interview
34The enhanced cognitive interview is
- ASeldom used by professional investigators
- BA brand new, unproven interview method
- CNot worth the time it takes to conduct
- DAn evidence based best practice
35Asking an interviewee to close their eyes while trying to remember something
- AIs a technique that should be used in every interview
- BHelps to reduce distractions and improve recall, but can make some interviewees feel uncomfortable so it should be used with care
- CIs something the interviewer should insist that the interviewee do doing an interview
- DIs something that should never be used as it makes it more difficult to recall information
36The Principle of Detail tells us that
- AClosed questions are best because they elicit the most detailed information
- BDetails of one's memory are associated with those of others and can help trigger the recal of additional memories
- CAny questioning strategy is good as long as it is long and involves asking many detailed questions
- DThat details matter in principle but not in practice
37When an interviewee is trying to recall an event that is inherently spatial (i.e., it has to do with the location of various things in relation to one another) the interviewer should...
- AGive no direction or assistance to the interviewee to help them in their efforts to recall memories of the event so as not contaminate their memory
- BTell the interviewee that if it takes too much effort to recall specific details they should just give up so as not to over exert themselves
- CTell the interviewee to describe the location of things relative to one another in general terms
- DSuggest to the interviewee that they draw a sketch because it can assist with memory recall
38The free narrative portion of the enhanced cognitive interview involves
- AThe interviewer frequently interrupting and asking questions while the interviewee is talking
- BThe interviewee giving their account without interruption by the interviewer
- CThe interviewer freely narrating what they want the interview to tell them
- DA narrative account free of any errors or inconsistencies
39The three psychological processes considered when developing the enhanced cognitive interview were
- ASocial, developmental, abnormal
- BEgo, super ego, id
- CCognition, social dynamics, communication
- DLegal, factual, moral
40When conducting a cognitive interview the interviewer should
- AFeel free to ask questions in whatever order they wish because it does not make any difference to the final result
- BAsk increasingly specific questions of the interviewee with little instruction about the kind of information the interviewer is trying to gather
- CExplicitly stress to the interviewee the importance of them being detailed when giving their initial account to the interviewer
- DProceed in whatever manner feels best, "winging it" is the best interviewing approach
41A simultaneous photo line up procedure is
- ANo longer the prevailing best practice amongst investigators in Canada
- BThe prevailing best practice amongst investigators in Canada
- CA practice that is used in Europe but that has never been used in Canada
- DA practice that can be used routinely with little concern for its reliability
42When conducting photo identification line up interviews
- AThe entire identification process including any instructions given to the witness before viewing any photographs should be electronically recorded
- BThe moment the witness identifies the suspect should be electronically recorded
- COnly the part of the process during which the interviewer gives instructions to the witness prior to viewing any photographs should be electronically recorded
- DIt is not necessary to electronically record any part of the process, as long as the interviewer takes good notes
43In eyewitness identifications an estimator variable is
- AA factor over which police have no control
- BA factor over which police have control
- CA factor over which crown attorney has control
- DA factor over which court has control
44When conducting a photo identification line-up interview, the person presenting the line-up to the witness should not know who the suspect is; this is referred to as a
- ADouble-closed procedure
- BParadigmatic line-up procedure
- CFully-blind procedure
- DDouble-blind procedure
45A sequential line up procedure is one in which the interviewer presents the witness with
- AA collection of photographs arranged from those individuals that are least likely to be the suspect to those individuals that are most likely to be the suspect
- BA series of photographs one after another, with the witness only being allowed to look at each photograph once
- CGroups of either six or twelve photographs with the suspect located in the centre of the grouping
- DA large number of randomly selected photographs one of which is thought to be the suspect
46"Similarity to Suspect" is
- AThe only reliable way to construct a photo identification line-up
- BA method that is not necessary to use and which can result in "clone" line-ups
- CThe best and most common used method of choosing distractors when constructing a photo line-up
- DThe current best practice in photo identification construction
47The problem of false eyewitness identifications has been identified as a significant contributing factor in
- A100% of wrongful convictions
- B75% of wrongful convictions
- CAn unknown percentage of wrongful convictions
- DA negligible number of wrongful convictions
48In eyewitness identifications "system variables" include factors
- AOver which the court has control
- BOver which no one has any control
- COver which the eyewitness has control
- DOver which the investigator has control
49Clear instructions must be given to a witness by the interviewer prior to showing them a photo identification line up. Such instructions should include
- AThe witness will be amongst the photographs you will be shown
- BThe victim will be amongst the photographs you will be shown
- CThe suspect will be amongst the photographs you will be shown
- DThe suspect may or may not be amongst the photographs you will be shown
50"Match to Description" is
- AA method of matching fingerprints to a suspect
- BA strategy for designing questions when preparing for a suspect interview
- CNot a preferred strategy for choosing distractors when constructing a photo line up
- DThe preferred strategy for choosing distractors when constructing a photo line-up
51A police officer may arrest a person whom he or she believes on reasonable grounds has committed or is about to commit
- AA summary conviction offence
- BAn indictable offence
- CA Bylaw infraction
- DA Highway Traffic Act infraction
52A "secondary caution" is a
- ACaution of secondary importance and is rarely used in practice
- BWarning given by a police office to a person informing him or her that if they have spoken to another police officer previously, they are still free to choose whether or not to speak to the officer who is dealing with them now
- CCaution given only after a suspect makes an inculpatory statement
- DCaution given just before a suspect confesses to ensure that they realize the legal significance of confessing
53The "right to silence" has
- ANo information component, police are not legally required to inform you of this right
- BAn information component, police are legally required to inform you of this right
- CNo place in serious criminal investigations where obtaining a confession is critical
- DSome value but only for suspects who are actually guilty
54A "primary caution" is
- AA discretionary caution and is not required unless the officer decides it is important
- BA caution whose purpose is primarily informational and has little legal significance
- CGiven to a suspect by police warning them that if they do not speak about the crime for which they have been arrested it will be held against them in court
- DA warning given by a police office to a person informing them that they are being investigated as a suspect in a criminal offence and they do not have to speak to police unless they wish to do so
55If a person killed someone and then confessed to their neighbor, that confession
- AWill never be admitted into evidence in court because the suspect did not realize that what they were saying to their neighbor could be used against them at trial
- BIs presumptively admissible, there is no need to consider its voluntariness as it was not made to a person in authority
- CWill be admissible but only if it was electronically recorded
- DIs presumptively inadmissible, its voluntariness must be proven by the Crown beyond a reasonable doubt before it can be admitted into evidence
56The "confessions rule" is a long established doctrine of common law which holds that
- ANo statement made by a detained person to a person in authority is admissible against that person unless the Crown can show beyond a reasonable doubt that it was made voluntarily
- BNo statement made by a suspect to another person is admissible against that person unless the Crown can show it was made voluntarily
- CNo statement is admissible unless it is inculpatory
- DNo statement is admissible unless a person has first been able to exercise their right to make a telephone call
57Upon arrest or detention a police officer must inform the person who has been detained or arrested
- AOf their right to make a single telephone call
- BOf their right to retain and instruct legal counsel without dealy
- COf their right to contact their family to inform them of their arrest or detention
- DOf their right to a meal and use of the washroom facilities while in custody
58The "right to silence" is the right of a person
- ANot to have anything that they freely choose to say used against them in court
- BNot to speak until first spoken to by an agent of the state such as a police officer
- CTo freely choose whether or not to speak to agents of the state, such as a police officer
- DTo decide whether or not to make a formal statement off the record
59The "right to counsel" is the right of a person
- ATo obtain psychological counseling to help them overcome their criminal tendencies
- BTo choose whether they would like to be tried by a judge or a jury
- CTo chose who they would like to represent them at trial
- DTo consult with a lawyer upon arrest or detention as guaranteed by s.10(b) of the Charter
60In Canada, the Youth Criminal Justice Act states that a "young person"
- AIs a person 12 years of ages or older but less than 18 years of age
- BIs a person who may not be detained or arrested by police under any circumstances
- CIs a person who may be detained or arrested but who cannot be charged with a criminal offence
- DIs a person who is at least 10 years of age or older but is less than 19 years of age
61In Canada, the "right to silence"
- AIs not absolute, while a suspect may choose to remain silent it does not mean that police must stop questioning that person
- BIs absolute, once a person says that they wish to remain silent police must stop questioning that person
- CIs not protected by the Charter, it is a courtesy extended by police to a person who has been arrested or detained
- DCan be suspended in extremely serious cases
62The "right to counsel" has
- ABoth an information and an opportunity component
- BLittle relevance because anyone can look up their legal rights on the internet
- CVery little value because everyone know they have the right to speak to a lawyer
- DA technical component requiring the person who has been arrested or detained to speak to a government appointed lawyer known as "duty counsel"
63A police officer may arrest a person whom he or she finds committing
- AA criminal offence
- BA misdemeanour
- CA felony
- DThe offence of jaywalking
64An arrest involves
- APursuing an individual with the intent of taking them into custody
- BBoth c & d
- CThe actual touching of an individual by an officer with the intent of taking control of them for the purpose of detention
- DAn announcement by an officer of his or her intent to arrest a person accompanied by an intent to take physical control of that person
65It is only where a statement, admission or confession is made to a person in authority
- AThat it can be relied upon for its reliablity
- BThat it can be admitted into court as evidence
- CThat it is legally relevant
- DThat the Crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt it was made voluntarily in order for it to be admissible as evidence
66A "person in authority"
- AIs any person in a position of authority whether or not they have an official title
- BTypically refers to a person who is formally engaged in the arrest, detention, examination or prosecution of an accused person
- CThe type of person who police have to question as quickly as possible before invoke executive privilege
- DSomeone with diplomatic immunity who may not bye arrested or detained
67Detention is defined as suspension of a person's liberty by
- ARequiring them to sign an undertaking
- BServing them with a notice of detention
- CRequiring them to attend a place of detention
- DSignificant physical or psychological restraint
68Upon arrest or detention a police officer must inform the person who has been detained or arrested
- AOf the results of their trial
- BOf the reasons for their arrest or detention
- COf precisely when they will be released from custody
- DOf all the details of the ongoing investigation
69The "hold off duty" is the duty of a police office
- ANot to commence an investigation until they have reasonable grounds to believe a criminal offence has been committed
- BNot to allow a suspect to question the validity of their arrest or detention
- CNot to question a suspect about the offence for which they have been arrested or detained until that suspect has spoken to a lawyer
- DNot to put a suspect in contact with a lawyer until they have been questioned by police
70The Supreme Court of Canada in R v Sinclair said that a person's right to consult legal counsel
- AIs something to be decided by police on a case by case basis
- BIs unlimited and may be exercised as many times as the suspect wishes
- CIs normally met by a single consultation with legal counsel
- DIs a matter for trial courts to determine on a case by case basis
71There are three basic "tools" used in the PEACE model of investigative interviewing including
- AThemes, monologues and accusations
- BFree recall, cognitive interview, conversation management
- CDirect positive confrontation, handling denials, alternative question
- DRight to silence, right to legal counsel, right to make a telephone call
72In the Reid technique a "theme" is
- AWhat is used after a suspect confesses in order to make them feel better
- BSomething that is rarely if ever used in practice
- CUsed to highlight the seriousness of an offence to frighten a suspect into confessing
- DA technique used to provide a suspect with a "moral excuse" for their commission of an offence or to minimize the moral implications of their conduct
73The behavioral analysis interview (BAI) is part of the Reid technique and involves both
- AAccusatory and coercive interrogation techniques
- BThe observation of non verbal behavior and behavior provoking questions
- C"Good cop" and "bad cop" roles to keep a suspect off balance
- DSoft and hard questioning methods designed to analyze cognitive efficacy
74When using the PEACE model with an uncooperative interviewee an investigator would utilize
- AThe conversation maximization approach
- BThe consternation management approach
- CThe conversation management approach
- DThe conservation management approach
75During the Engage and Explain stage of a PEACE interview an investigator covers four different areas known as
- AReasons, routines, expectations, and route maps
- BRoutes, rationales, reasons, ratios
- CAdmission, confession, recording, presentation
- DPlanning, engaging, explaining, expanding
76The interrogation portion of the Reid technique consists of
- A15 questions designed to break a suspect's resistance to confessing
- BTwo different steps used sequentially to motivate a suspect to talk
- CTwelve steps designed to motivate a witness to confess
- DNine different but related steps designed to elicit a confession from a suspect who is believed to be guilty
77An "SE3R" template is
- AAn interview planning tool that allows an investigator to quickly organize information in a simple graphical format
- BSomething that allows an investigator to record lines of narrative during an interview
- CA tax form used when conducting financial crime investigations
- DA template for recording a suspect's account of their involvement in a crime
78The Reid technique has been criticized for a number of things including
- AThe potential to contribute to the production of false confessions
- BThe lack of evidence showing its effectiveness
- CBoth A and B
- DBeing too "soft" on criminal suspects
79"Minimization" is an interrogation strategy that seeks to minimize
- AThe legal consequences of an offence
- BThe seriousness of an offence and the perceived consequences of confessing
- CThe need for a suspect to be accountable for committing an offence
- DThe amount of exculpatory evidence produced during suspect questioning
80False confessions are a significant contributing factor in
- AWrongful convictions
- BDNA based exonerations
- CAchieving justice for victims of crime
- DSolving crime and holding offenders responsible for their actions
81An investigative interview is
- AA process that was common decades ago but is no longer utilized by investigators
- BA term used to describe all types of investigator/suspect interactions
- CA generic term used to describe an interview of a witness, victim or suspect for the purpose of gathering information to advance an investigation
- DA process that is not covered by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
82An interrogation is an
- AExploratory process for the purpose of gathering information
- BAccusatory process the primary purpose of which is to extract a confession from a suspect who is believed to be guilty
- CExtraordinary investigative process for use in exigent circumstances only
- DOrdinary investigative process to be used in every case where an investigator is seeking information
83The PEACE model of investigative interviewing seeks to elicit
- AAdmissions only
- BA confession primarily, and then information to corroborate that confession
- CThe maximum amount of information possible from subjects and does not focus primarily on attempting to elicit confessions
- DConfessions only
84"Maximization" is an interrogation strategy that seeks to maximize
- AThe benefits of a suspect confessing
- BThe amount of time spent questioning a suspect
- CThe seriousness of an offence and exaggerate the strength of evidence against a suspect
- DThe amount of latitude an investigator has to keep a suspect in custody
85The PEACE framework consists of five different stages including
- APreparation and planning; engage and explain; account, clarification and challenge; closure; and, evaluation
- BPosture and position; engage and adjudicate; arrest. clarify, custody; close case; evaluate
- CPerpetrator; explanation; accuse; charge; exonerate
- DPresent; explain; accuse; close; exemplify
86The first stage of the actual interview when using the PEACE model is
- AClosure and evaluation
- BPreparation and planning
- CAccount, clarification and challenge
- DEngage and explain
87The Reid technique is an approach to questioning criminal suspects that consists of three principal elements
- AAdmissions, confessions, statements
- BInculpatory, exculpatory, incriminatory
- CPreparation and planning, engage and explain, closure
- DNon accusatory fact finding interview, behavior analysis interview, persuasive interrogation
88When conducting an interview using the PEACE model the first goal of an investigator during the Account stage is to obtain
- AA confession from the suspect
- BThe fullest account the interviewee is willing or able to give
- CInformation with which to corroborate a suspect's alibi
- DConvince the witness to provide information consistent with the investigator's theory of the crime
89An interview is a
- AConfession centric process
- BStructured conversation between a witness, victim or suspect and an investigator for the purpose of eliciting information
- CNon structured conversation for the purpose of building a relationship
- DSudden interaction with no specific aim or objective
90The most common strategies for obtaining a confession using the Reid technique fall into two categories
- AInculpatory and accusatory
- BAccusatory and fact finding
- CMinimization and maximization
- DContemporaneous and extemporaneous
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- Final Exam Investigative Interviewing Semester 2 Quiz on Final Exam, created by Mariya .K on 24/07/2019.
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