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Intro to Psychology Review

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Psychology Quiz on Intro to Psychology Review, created by Bran J on 11/12/2019.
Bran J
Quiz by Bran J, updated more than 1 year ago
Bran J
Created by Bran J over 4 years ago
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Question 1

Question
The "Scientific Method" consists of observing, hypothesizing, predicting, testing, modifying the hypothesis, and then re-testing that hypothesis.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 2

Question
Which of the following best defines "Parismony"?
Answer
  • Make your hypothesis as simple as possible, only making a more complex explanation when a simple one cannot account for the data.
  • Make your hypothesis initially complex and then break it down as the data begins to fill in the gaps.
  • Explore the data before your hypothesis and let what you find form your question.

Question 3

Question
"Falsifiability" is when you ensure you can test your hypothesis and you design the data so that it can:
Answer
  • Support your hypothesis.
  • Contradict your hypothesis.
  • Prove your hypothesis.
  • Disprove your hypothesis.

Question 4

Question
What is the definition of "Converging evidence"?
Answer
  • Because no single study can 'prove' something, look for evidence from multiple studies with different methods.
  • When your evidence comes together to prove your hypothesis.
  • When the evidence from another academic inadvertently proves your hypothesis correct.

Question 5

Question
Psychology = study of humans and human interactions. Biology = study of cells and cellular interactions. Chemistry = study of molecules and molecular interactions. Physics = study of particles, atoms and atomic interactions.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
In Descartes' view the physical body and the mental mind belong in separate realms. The mental mind is able to...
Answer
  • Influence the physical body through the brain.
  • Influence the brain through the mental mind.
  • Influence the physical body through the mental mind.

Question 7

Question
Phineas Gage was an American railroad construction foreman who survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe. The following twelve years his friends witnessed his personality shift in radical ways. What did this prove to people of the time about the mind and the brain?
Answer
  • That the 'mind' is in the 'brain' and when the 'brain' is damaged then so is the 'mind'.
  • That the 'mind' and the 'brain' are two separate spheres.

Question 8

Question
Which of the following are the "historical schools of psychology?"
Answer
  • Structuralism – “What is conscious experience?”
  • Functionalism – “Why is conscious experience?”
  • Behaviourism – “Forget about conscious experience – behaviour is most important!”
  • Freudian psychoanalysis – “Forget about conscious experience – the unconscious is most important!”
  • Gestalt Psychology – "Think about conscious experience as a whole!"
  • Cognitive – "Can we remember conscious experience?"
  • Humanistic – "Do we independently have a conscious experience?"

Question 9

Question
What is "Correlational research"?
Answer
  • When you assess the degree of relationship between two variables.
  • When you assess the correlation between two or more studies.

Question 10

Question
When it comes to "Correlation and causation" if all we have is correlation between two variables ("attending class leads to good grades"), what can we say for sure?
Answer
  • That one variables (i.e. attending class) DOES NOT necessarily cause the other (i.e. good grades).
  • That one variable (i.e. attending class) DOES cause the second variable (i.e. good grades).

Question 11

Question
When it comes to "Correlation and causation", the "third variable problem" is that a correlation between two variables (e.g. "attending class" and "good grades") may be caused by a third variable (e.g. "students who are highly conscientious or hard-working might always attend every class and also study a lot for exams"). Therefore, conscientiousness independently causes attendance at class AND good grades, without attendance at class necessarily having any direct causal effect on grades.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
The "independent variable" is ...
Answer
  • The aspect of the situation that we manipulate.
  • The aspect of the situation that we observe and measure.

Question 13

Question
The "dependent variable" is...
Answer
  • The aspect of the situation that we observe and measure.
  • The aspect of the situation that we manipulate.

Question 14

Question
Which of the following must the "independent variable" have in order to be able to vary it?
Answer
  • Two or more levels in order to create two or more conditions.
  • A change in the dependent variable.

Question 15

Question
Manipulating the level of the independent variable should cause the dependent variable to remain relatively the same.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
"Excitation" is when neurotransmitters open channels in the cell wall of a neuron that allow positively-charged Sodium ions (Na+) to enter the cell. Makes the neuron more likely to send on its own signal (action potential).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
"Inhibition" is when neurotransmitters open channels in the cell wall of a neuron that allow negatively-charged Chloride ions (Cl-) to enter the cell and positively-charged Potassium ions (K+) to leave the cell. Makes the neuron less likely to send on its own signal (action potential).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
"Nicotine" is which of the following?
Answer
  • Agonist.
  • Antagonist.

Question 19

Question
"Caffeine" is which of the following?
Answer
  • Antagonist.
  • Agonist.

Question 20

Question
Agonists are chemicals that work in the same way as one of the brain’s natural neurotransmitters (e.g. Nicotine works like Acetylcholine). Antagonists are chemicals that block or oppose the action of one of the brain’s natural neurotransmitters (e.g. Caffeine blocks the actions of Adenosine).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
Which of the following four are the lobes of the brain?
Answer
  • Frontal lobe – Planning, decision-making, strategic thinking, inhibition. Also contains the motor cortex, which controls initiation of voluntary muscle movements.
  • Parietal lobe – Sensory cortex.
  • Temporal lobe – Auditory processing. Highly active during language tasks.
  • Occipital lobe – The site of most visual processing.
  • Rear lobe – Where the 'mind' in the 'brain' exists.
  • Permamental lobe – Visual processing and controls how we perceive shades of light.

Question 22

Question
If 'sensations' are "the raw input you receive, in terms of colours, and edges" then which of the following most accurately describes "Sensation'?
Answer
  • The stimulation of your senses caused by input from the outside world.
  • The meaning that you assign to that stimulation.

Question 23

Question
If 'perceptions' are "created both bottom-up and top-down" then which of the following most accurately describes "Perception'?
Answer
  • The meaning that you assign to that stimulation.
  • The stimulation of your senses caused by input from the outside world.

Question 24

Question
Which of the following is "Bottom-up processing"?
Answer
  • Taking the sensory input and building up a recognizable image from the combination of lines, corners and colours.
  • Taking our knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the visual scene and using them to help construct a meaningful representation of what we are looking at.

Question 25

Question
Which of the following is "Top-down processing"?
Answer
  • Taking our knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the visual scene and using them to help construct a meaningful representation of what we are looking at.
  • Taking the sensory input and building up a recognizable image from the combination of lines, corners and colours.

Question 26

Question
The 6 million "cones" are located mostly in the centre of your retina, and process colour and fine detail. The 120 million "rods" are located more around the edges of your retina, and because they are more sensitive to light, they are responsible for your ability to see at night (or in other low-light conditions).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 27

Question
In terms of "the sleep cycle" which of the following occurs?
Answer
  • Sleep cycles through the various stages four or five times a night
  • As night progresses more time is spent in REM sleep.
  • Less time is spent in the deeper stages of sleep.
  • Body temperature fluctuates throughout REM sleep.
  • Sleep paralysis ends during REM sleep but starts doing other stages of sleep.
  • The body stiffens into a more natural position.

Question 28

Question
Instrumental conditioning consists of learning that one event signals that certain behaviours will now result in the production of a second event (a reward or punishment). In this case, your behaviour is critical to the production of the second event (the reward or punishment).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 29

Question
In CC, you learn that certain events result in certain outcomes. In IC, you learn that your behaviour results in certain outcomes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 30

Question
Behaviours are more likely to be repeated in future if they are reinforced, but a lot depends on when and how often those reinforcements are delivered.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 31

Question
Partial reinforcement schedules come in four varieties:
Answer
  • Ratio schedules reward you after a certain number of actions.
  • Interval schedules reward you after a certain period of time.
  • Fixed schedules reward you steadily.
  • Variable schedules reward you intermittently.
  • Repeated schedules reward you multiple times simultaneously.
  • Closed schedules do not reward you at all.

Question 32

Question
What is "Retroactive interference"?
Answer
  • When new information takes over the cues that we use to recover old information.
  • When old memory cues take over new information and prevents us from remembering new content.
  • When two or more new memories interfere with each other and prevent the new memory from being memorized.

Question 33

Question
In terms of memory cues, when old information 'wins' (old interferes with new information) this is called...
Answer
  • Proactive interference.
  • Retroactive interference.
  • Deactive interference.

Question 34

Question
What is a "Memory schema"?
Answer
  • Organized scripts in memory, detailing expectations about beliefs, people, places and activities.
  • Schemes we create to help us remember things like people and places.
  • Physical scripts (e.g. souvenirs) we keep of details we would like to remember in the future.

Question 35

Question
In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981) participants were left alone in the experimenter's office. Thirty-five seconds later participants were moved to another room and tested how much of the office they recall. What happened?
Answer
  • Participants were more likely to remember / mis-remember items that fit into a typical "office schema" (e.g. 'computer', 'desk', 'notebook', 'shelf', etc.).
  • Participants were unable to remember anything about the office due to the lack of time given.
  • Participants were able to remember three-to-five specific items that had caught their attention.

Question 36

Question
When testing "eye-witness testimony" Loftus and Palmer (1974) showed undergraduates a video of two cars having an accident, then asked "about how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?". The answer they got was "42mph". When they asked "about how fast were the cars going when they contacted each other" were they able to recall the same information?
Answer
  • No, because the type of question you ask determines which schema gets activated.
  • Yes, because the questions are essentially the same, the students could rely on the same schema to recall information.

Question 37

Question
While forgetting can be normal and even adaptive, it can also be caused by damage to the brain from injury or illness (organic amnesia).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 38

Question
What is "retrograde amnesia"?
Answer
  • The loss of memories from before the accident or illness.
  • The failure to retain new memories from after the accident or injury.

Question 39

Question
What is "Anterograde amnesia"?
Answer
  • The failure to retain new memories from after the accident or injury.
  • The loss of memories from before the accident or illness.

Question 40

Question
What kind of 'abilities' did "E.P.", an ill individual who was being studied and helped by psychologists, possess in terms of memory?
Answer
  • Problem-solving skills.
  • Short-term memory.
  • Long-term memory prior to illness.
  • Implicit long-term memory for information encountered after illness.
  • Explicit long-term memory for information encountered after illness.
  • Long-term memory after illness.

Question 41

Question
Which of the following is true of "anterograde amnesia"?
Answer
  • Do not make explicit memories.
  • Implicit memory may still be intact.
  • Make explicit memories.
  • Do not make implicit memories.

Question 42

Question
While much of the brain is likely involved in making memories, the "Hippocampus" likely plays a large role in forming and storing new memories. It is however extremely easy to damage the hippocampus, the implicit memories being lost forever with the damage.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 43

Question
What is the weak version of the "linguistic relativity hypothesis"?
Answer
  • The language that you speak influences how you think.
  • The language that you speak determines how you think.

Question 44

Question
What is the strong version of the "linguistic relativity hypothesis"?
Answer
  • The language that you speak determines how you think.
  • The language that you speak influences how you think.

Question 45

Question
Which of the following are arguments belonging to the "weak linguistic relativity hypothesis"?
Answer
  • The language you speak can influence your early competence in math (English vs. Chinese).
  • The language you speak can influence the capacity of short-term memory (English vs. Arabic).
  • The words that are used to describe something can influence your memory of it.
  • The language you speak changes who you are as a person.
  • The words that are used to describe yourself (i.e. adjectives) influence your personality.

Question 46

Question
The "weak linguistic relativity hypothesis" believes that in a totalitarian regime language is changed to make talking about revolution impossible. The idea is, if the population cannot talk about revolution then they cannot think about revolution.
Answer
  • True
  • False
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