Developmental Quiz

1. 1What is the Rachet effect?

   1. AWhen people coordinate with eachother, create cooperative structures such as conventions Eg: Language, moral codes, maths etc. Passed on to each generation, who build on it as pass it on to the next.
   2. Binfants more likely to attend to important aspects of social environment, constrains how regions of cortex become specialised.
   3. CWhere infant and caregiver respond to each other’s actions and are aware of each other through this responsiveness.
2. 2What is Shared Intentionality?

   1. A2 people have same goal, understanding this goal and being able to engage in joint attention to coordinate with eachother while knowing their own role.
   2. BInfants innately can detect infant- directed communication through eye contact, motherese and contingency. Allows infants to know when someone is talking for them
   3. CNewborns equipt with prosocial temperament, attention biases (to voices, faces etc) and powerful central processes for advanced skills of associative learning and executive functions)
3. 3What is Natural Pedagogy?

   1. AInfants innately can detect infant- directed communication through eye contact, motherese and contingency. Allows infants to know when someone is talking for them.
   2. BWhen people coordinate with eachother, create cooperative structures such as conventions Eg: Language, moral codes, maths etc. Passed on to each generation, who build on it as pass it on to the next.
   3. C2 people have same goal, understanding this goal and being able to engage in joint attention to coordinate with eachother while knowing their own role.
4. 4What are Cognitive gadgets?
   

   1. ANewborns equipt with prosocial temperament, attention biases (to voices, faces etc) and powerful central processes for advanced skills of associative learning and executive functions)
   2. B2 people have same goal, understanding this goal and being able to engage in joint attention to coordinate with eachother while knowing their own role.
   3. CWhen people coordinate with eachother, create cooperative structures such as conventions Eg: Language, moral codes, maths etc. Passed on to each generation, who build on it as pass it on to the next.
5. 5What is Cortical specialisation?

   1. ADifferent areas of the cortex deal with the different senses: sight, hearing smell, taste and touch, and movement.
   2. Bmake infants more likely to attend to important aspects of social environment, constrains how regions of cortex become specialised.
   3. CNewborns equipt with prosocial temperament, attention biases (to voices, faces etc) and powerful central processes for advanced skills of associative learning and executive functions)
6. 6What is Primary intersubjectivity?

   1. AWhere infant and caregiver respond to each other’s actions and are aware of each other through this responsiveness.
   2. Bmake infants more likely to attend to important aspects of social environment, constrains how regions of cortex become specialised.
   3. CNewborns equipt with prosocial temperament, attention biases (to voices, faces etc) and powerful central processes for advanced skills of associative learning and executive functions)
7. 7The Main forms of language are: Prosodic (sounds of lang), grammatical (syntactic structures etc), word forms (lexical forms, vocabulary), phonological forms (sounds of lang).

   1. ATrue
   2. BFalse
8. 8How do pragmatic developments pave way for word use:

   1. AUse gaze checking to check where someone is looking to figure out meaning of new word
   2. BExperience with lang over first year allows them to tune in to phonemic contrasts used in their language and tune out those that aren’t.
   3. CIntentional vocalisations responded to by caregiver best predictors of subsequent word use.
9. 9How many words do children have in lexicon by age 6?
   

   1. A10-14,000 words
   2. B15-18,000 words
   3. C6-10,000 words
10. 10Which theory states that children learn words easily because world very routine, engage in joint attention and intention reading

    1. Apragmatic theory
    2. BSyntactic bootstrapping

11. 11Which theory suggests that linguistic context can help us to guess meaning of words?

    1. ASyntactic bootstrapping
    2. Bpragmatic theory
    3. CSemantic Theory
12. 12Grammar Definition

    1. Acombine the words of our language in different ways to convey different meanings
    2. Bbranch of grammar dealing with the organisation of words into large structures
    3. CThe branch of grammar dealing with the analysis of word structure
13. 13Syntax Definition

    1. Abranch of grammar dealing with the organisation of words into large structures
    2. BThe branch of grammar dealing with the analysis of word structure
    3. Cability to adapt our language to the context in which we are speaking and the people we are speaking to
    4. Dombine the words of our language in different ways to convey different meanings
14. 14Morphology Definition

    1. AThe branch of grammar dealing with the analysis of word structure
    2. Bbranch of grammar dealing with the organisation of words into large structures
    3. Ccombine the words of our language in different ways to convey different meanings
15. 15Pragmatics Definition

    1. Aability to adapt our language to the context in which we are speaking and the people we are speaking to
    2. BThe branch of grammar dealing with the analysis of word structure
    3. Cbranch of grammar dealing with the organisation of words into large structures
16. 16Who proposed the theory that children cannot learn by creatively copying what they hear around them because of: poverty of the stimulus problem and no negative evidence problem. Proposed Universal Grammar, grammatical categories and rules to generate grammatical sentences of the world’s languages, BUT: no complete account of a) what innate knowledge makes up UG or b) how children could use it to learn their specific language(s).

    1. AChomsky (Nativist)
    2. BChomsky (Constructivist)
    3. CBronfenbrenner (Nativist)
    4. DBronfenbrenner (Constructionist)
17. 17There is some evidence of _______ in bilinguals?

    1. ADelay
    2. BImproved cognition
    3. CImproved social skills
18. 18Sensorineural deafness is an issue with:

    1. AThe Inner Ear
    2. BThe outer ear
    3. CPathway from ear to brain
19. 19What is auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder

    1. AForm of deafness caused by issues with the inner ear
    2. BForm of deafness where sounds received normally but disrupted on way to brain
    3. CDeafness caused by brain injury
20. 20How many children on average have Developmental language disorder?

    1. A2 in 30 children.
    2. B1 in 50 children
    3. C2 in 40 children
    4. D2 in 50 children
21. 21In developed countries, what percentage of people are functionally illiterate?

    1. A20%
    2. B10%
    3. C30%
    4. D40%
22. 22Which writing system does the English language use?

    1. AAlphabetic
    2. BSyllabic
    3. CMorphophonetic / logographic
23. 23Which writing system does the Japanese Hiragana language use?

    1. ASyllabic
    2. BAlphabetic
    3. CMorphophonetic
24. 24Which writing system does the chinese language use?

    1. AMorphophonetic / logographic
    2. BAlphabetic
    3. CSyllabic
25. 25What is the Initial phase of cracking the alphabetic code and becoming skilled word readers?

    1. Ano alphabetic insight, guessing
    2. Bbegin to use rudimentary decoding
26. 26What is the Partial alphabetic phase of cracking the alphabetic code and becoming skilled word readers?

    1. Abegin to use rudimentary decoding
    2. Bno alphabetic insight, guessing
    3. Ccan decode unfamiliar printed words and may be able to draw on oral vocabulary to correct partial decoding attempt
27. 27What is the Full alphabetic phase of cracking the alphabetic code and becoming skilled word readers?

    1. Ano alphabetic insight, guessing
    2. Bbegin to use rudimentary decoding
    3. Ccan decode unfamiliar printed words and may be able to draw on oral vocabulary to correct partial decoding attempt
28. 28The Educational implications of reading science: Support vocabulary and oral language development, Help readers deploy strategies, encourage children to discuss a text with peers/teachers using methods such as clarification, summarisation, prediction and question generation

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
29. 29What are the 5 Basic socio-metric categories?

    1. APopular, Controversial, Average,Neglected,Rejected
    2. BPopular, Unpopular, Average, Improper, Rejected
30. 30Empathy Definition

    1. Afeeling as the other does, e.g., seeing a sad person and feeling sad
    2. Bfeeling for the other, e.g., seeing a sad person and feeling concern
    3. Cthe tendency to “catch” other people’s emotions eg: Babies cry when they hear other babies crying
31. 31Sympathy Definition

    1. Afeeling for the other, e.g., seeing a sad person and feeling concern
    2. Bfeeling as the other does, e.g., seeing a sad person and feeling sad
    3. Cthe tendency to “catch” other people’s emotions eg: Babies cry when they hear other babies crying
32. 32Emotional contagion Definition

    1. Athe tendency to “catch” other people’s emotions eg: Babies cry when they hear other babies crying
    2. Btendency to automatically synchronize affective expressions, vocalizations, postures and movements with those of another person
    3. Cfeeling as the other does, e.g., seeing a sad person and feeling sad
33. 33Mimicry Definition

    1. Atendency to automatically synchronize affective expressions, vocalizations, postures and movements with those of another person
    2. Bhe tendency to “catch” other people’s emotions eg: Babies cry when they hear other babies crying,
    3. Ceeling as the other does, e.g., seeing a sad person and feeling sad,
34. 34Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: Three levels of moral reasoning (made up of six stages),
    Stage 1: What seen as right is obedience to authorities.
    Stage 2: What is right is what in own best interests or equal exchange between people
    Stage 3: Good behaviour doing what expected by people close or what generally expected of a person in a given role, Stage 4: Right behaviour involves fulfilling duties, upholding laws etc, motivated to keep the social system going and to avoid its breakdown
    Stage 5: Right behaviour upholding rules in the best interest of group, impartial or agreed by the group. However, some values and rights are universal and upheld by any society regardless of majority opinion
    Stage 6: Right behaviour commitment to self-chosen ethical principles, reflect universal principles of justice. When laws violate principles, individual act in accordance with universal principles rather than the law.
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
35. 35Prosocial behaviour Definition

    1. AVoluntary behaviour intended to benefit another
    2. BProsocial behaviour that is performed for unselfish motives
    3. Cfeeling as the other does, e.g., seeing a sad person and feeling sad
36. 36Eisenberg & Fabes (1998) argue that genetic factors are likely to be played out in terms of differences in

    1. Atemperament
    2. Bintelligence
    3. Cprosocial behaviours
37. 37Parents can promote prosocial behaviour by Having a secure attachment relation with their child, Modelling empathy, sensitivity and prosocial behaviours, Arranging opportunities to engage in positive behaviours, Discussing emotions and how behaviour impacts on others, Constructive and supportive discipline

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
38. 38Which researcher pointed out that the consequences of anti-social behaviour more effective when the conducted by parents who are warm and supportive

    1. AHoffman
    2. BFabes et al
    3. CFestinger
39. 39Which researcher concluded that Preschoolers exposed to prosocial peers at start of school year, more prosocial themselves by the end of the year
    

    1. AFabes et al
    2. BHoffman
    3. CHuttenlocher et al.
40. 40Sensitivity to reciprocity is one way to explain the evolutionary origins of co-operation (solves the free rider problem), With age children become better able to regulate prosocial behaviour and start to show concern about reciprocity in sharing contexts
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
41. 41Mathematical cognition seeks to understand how individuals understand mathematical ideas, Describing how our cognitive system processes numerical information and mathematical ideas,

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
42. 42What percentage of adults have a numeracy level below that one needed to function in everyday life ?

    1. A24%
    2. B35%
    3. C46%
    4. D12%
43. 43What percentage of adults cannot perform two-steps calculation, understand decimal, fractions and proportions

    1. A20%
    2. B10%
    3. C25%
44. 44Which system is involved in exact perception of small numerosities?

    1. ASubitizing: fast and accurate enumeration of small (3-4 items) numerical quantities. Shows a rapid development: from 1-3 items in preschool children to 3-4 items from childhood to adulthood, most likely related to visuospatial working memory.
    2. BApproximate number system: Estimation, Ratio effect: the ability to discriminate between large numerical quantities varies as a function of the ratio of the numerical sets.
45. 45Which system is involved in approximate perception of large numerosities?

    1. ASubitizing, fast and accurate enumeration of small (3-4 items) numerical quantities. Shows a rapid development: from 1-3 items in preschool children to 3-4 items from childhood to adulthood, most likely related to visuospatial working memory.
    2. BApproximate number system, Estimation because no time for counting large numbers, Ratio effect: the ability to discriminate between large numerical quantities varies as a function of the ratio of the numerical sets.
46. 46Which researcher looked at non-symbolic arithmetical skills in preschool children (2-4 year-old, children display a mental model for arithmetic before formal education, use of fingers when children had to solve word problems and abstract symbolic problems. Children spontaneously create a physical model using concrete manipulatives.

    1. AHuttenlocher et al
    2. BFabes et al.
    3. CCrick & Dodge
47. 47The Four dimensions of strategy use are : Strategy repertoire: the range of strategies an individual may use, Strategy distribution: the relative frequency of use, Strategy efficiency: accuracy and speed in implementing a strategy, Strategy selection: whether or not the individual makes appropriate strategy choice based on strategy efficiency
    

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
48. 48Characteristics of problem solving: count all, count on from first, count on from larger, decomposition, retrieval. Children initially solve the arithmetic problems using procedural strategies (e.g., counting, decomposition), Every time the association between the problem and the answer is strengthened, If the strength of the association is above a certain threshold, the answer is retrieved.

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
49. 49How is the working memory implicated in arithmetic skills:

    1. Athe ability to monitor and manipulate information in mind, Verbal WM strong predictor of arithmetic (written and verbal calculation, word problem solving.
    2. Bthe ability to ignore distractions and suppress unwanted responses, relevant to inhibit irrelevant information in word problems or in suppressing the retrieval of incorrect number facts
    3. Cthe capacity for flexible thinking and switching attention between different tasks, shifting between strategies during calculation, arithmetic, and problem solving)
50. 50How does Inhibition influence arithmetic skills :

    1. Athe ability to ignore distractions and suppress unwanted responses, relevant to inhibit irrelevant information in word problems or in suppressing the retrieval of incorrect number facts
    2. Bthe ability to monitor and manipulate information in mind, Verbal WM strong predictor of arithmetic (written and verbal calculation, word problem solving.
    3. Cthe capacity for flexible thinking and switching attention between different tasks, shifting between strategies during calculation, arithmetic, and problem solving)
51. 51How does Shifting influence arithmetic skills:
    

    1. Athe capacity for flexible thinking and switching attention between different tasks, shifting between strategies during calculation, arithmetic, and problem solving)
    2. Bhe ability to monitor and manipulate information in mind, Verbal WM strong predictor of arithmetic (written and verbal calculation, word problem solving.
    3. Cthe ability to ignore distractions and suppress unwanted responses, relevant to inhibit irrelevant information in word problems or in suppressing the retrieval of incorrect number facts.
52. 52What aspect of language does phonology refer to?

    1. Asounds of language
    2. Bstructure of language
    3. Chow language forms are used in relation to audience and context.
53. 53What’s the first step in Crick & Dodge’s model of social information processing?
    

    1. AAttention to hostile cues and attribution of hostile attentions
    2. BGeneration of fewer responses
    3. CMore favourable evaluation of aggressive responses
54. 54What’s the second step in Crick & Dodge’s model of social information processing?

    1. AAttention to hostile cues and attribution of hostile intentions
    2. BGeneration of fewer responses
    3. CMore favourable evaluation of aggressive responses
55. 55What’s the third step in Crick & Dodge’s model of social information processing?

    1. AAttention to hostile cues and attribution of hostile intentions
    2. BGeneration of fewer responses
    3. CMore favourable evaluation of aggressive responses
56. 56Social information processing theory is a third theory of conduct problems. It focuses on the way children and often particularly teenagers process information in social situations.

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
57. 57Which branch of grammar deals with word structure?

    1. AMorphology
    2. BSemantics
    3. CPhonology
    4. DGrammar
58. 58Who came up with the theory of Shared Intentionality?

    1. ATomasello
    2. BGergely & Csibra
    3. CHeyes
59. 59Who came up with the theory of Natural Pedagogy?

    1. AGergely & Csibra
    2. BTomasello
    3. CHeyes
60. 60Who came up with the theory of Cognitive Gadgets?

    1. ATomasello
    2. BGergely & Csibra
    3. CHeyes
61. 61What age does Shared Intentionality (Tomasello) emerge?

    1. A9 Months
    2. B6 Months
    3. C5 Months
62. 62What age does Collective Intentionality (Tomasello) emerge?

    1. A3 Years
    2. B1 Year
    3. C2 Years
63. 63What is Collective Intentionality

    1. A2 people have same goal, understanding this goal and being able to engage in joint attention to coordinate with eachother while knowing their own role.
    2. BMoving things to the group level and taking a more objective, normative perspective on how things are (and should) be done in one's culture
64. 64Which researchers claim that infants prefer the smell of their caregivers?

    1. ADe Casper and Fifer
    2. BJohnson and Morton
    3. CFarroni
65. 65Which brain region does infant directed speech / motherese activate?

    1. AMedial prefrontal cortex
    2. BHypothalamic regulatory nuclei
    3. CNucleus accumbens
66. 66Which aspects make infants more likely to attend to more important aspects of their environment

    1. ASimple Biases + Basic Brain Architecture
    2. BBehavioural Synchrony + Simple Biases
    3. CBasic Brain Architecture + Simple Biases
67. 67Hockett's design features of language

    1. ASemanticity
    2. BArbitrariness
    3. CDisplacement
    4. DProductivity
    5. ERapid fading
    6. FAll of the above
68. 68Semantic Language functions: How language forms are used in relation to the world
    
    Pragmatic Language functions: How language forms are used in relation to the audience and context

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
69. 69Timetable of Infant Vocal Communication:
    Birth: crying
    2-4 months: cooing and around 16 weeks laughter
    4-7 months: squeals, vowels, babbling,
    7 months: onset of reduplicated or canonical babbling

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse

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Quiz on Developmental Quiz , created by bob bob on 30/01/2020.

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