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Personality Mid Term #2
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Questions in this quiz (100)
1The human genome contains between 20,000 and 25,000 genes that are located on ____ pairs of chromosomes
- A20
- B23
- C29
- D25
2Scientists called many parts of the 98 percent of the DNA in the human chromosome as ___ because scientists believed that these parts were functionless residues that served no purposes
- Aphenotype variance
- Bgenetic junk
- Cgenotype variance
- Denvironmental junk
3_____ is the notion that we can design the future of the human species by fostering the reproduction of persons with certain traits and discouraging the reproduction of persons without these traits
- AGenotype variance
- BPhenotype variance
- CEugenics
- DEnvironmentality
4One of the central goals of genetic research is to determine the percentage of an individual difference that can be attributed to ____ and ___
- Abehavioral differences;genetic differences
- Bgenetic differences; physiological differences
- Cgenetic differences; environmental differences
- Dpersonality differences; genetic differences
5Behavioral geneticists typically are not content simply figuring out the ___ due to genetic and environmental causes
- Agenotypic variance
- Bphenotypic variance
- Cpercentage of variance
- Dheritability variance
6The proportion oh phenotypic variance that is attributable to genotypic variance is known as
- Aselectivity
- Bheritability
- Cenvironmentality
- Dreliability
7Individuals differences in height is an example of ___
- Aphenotype variance
- Bgenotype variance
- Cbiochemical variance
- Dphysiological variance
8____ refers to individual differences in the total collection of genes possessed by each person
- Aphysiological variance
- Bbiochemical variance
- Cgenotype variance
- Dphenotype variance
9Generally speaking, the larger the heritability , the smaller the ____
- Aphysiology
- Bbiochemical expression
- Cvariability
- Denvironmentality
10A common misconception about heritability is that
- Adoes not generalize across persons and places
- Bcan be applied to a single individual
- Cis not a precise statistic
- Drefers to only differences in a sample
11Which of the following is a disadvantage of family studies?
- ATheir assumption of representativeness is a commonly encountered problem.
- BThey fail to provide heritable estimates.
- CResults from these studies alone can never be viewed as definitive.
- DA potential problem with these studies is selective placement.
12The twin method assumes that:
- Athe environments experienced by identical twins are no more similar to each other than are the environments experienced by fraternal twins.
- Ball people in a particular population share similar environments.
- Ctwins are not treated differently from ordinary siblings.
- Dparents treat all their children alike.
13The term _____ refers to the complete set of genes an organism possesses.
- Agenome
- Bphenotypic variance
- Cgenotypic variance
- Deugenics
14_____ refers to the observed differences among individuals.
- AHeritability
- BEnvironmentality
- CGenotypic variance
- DPhenotypic variance
15According to Spotts et al. (2005), which of the following statements is true about marriage?
- AWives' personality does not explain their husbands' marital satisfaction.
- BThe personality characteristics of husbands account for their own marital satisfaction.
- CThe personality characteristics of wives account for their own marital satisfaction.
- DWhen selecting marriage partners, women do not give much importance to upward mobility and financial success.
16According to Buss (1981), which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a negative genotype-environment correlation?
- AJoshua's twins love to read and do not enjoy dancing, so he keeps their home well stocked with books.
- BKiara and her daughter do not prefer sitting still, and they often participate in various activities.
- CSheila regularly plays baseball with her son who dislikes the game.
- DKeith and his twins dislike crowded stores and usually shop online.
17The idea that one can design the future of the human species by fostering the reproduction of persons with certain traits and by discouraging the reproduction of persons without those traits is called:
- Aeugenics.
- Bheritability.
- Cselective placement.
- Dmolecular genetics.
18Genotype-environment _____ refers to the differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments.
- Ainteraction
- Bconcordance
- Cvariance
- Dcorrelation
19Major personality traits:
- Ahave been found to have a modest degree of heritability.
- Bare more heritable than height.
- Chave not been studied with respect to heritability.
- Dhave been found to be not at all heritable.
20The fact that selective breeding has been so successful with dogs suggests that:
- Aheredity must be a factor in personality traits
- Bthe assumption of representativeness is not violated.
- Cthe equal environments assumption is not violated.
- Dhuman personality is heritable.
21A heritability of .30 means that _____ of the observed phenotypic variation is attributable to _____.
- A70 percent; an environmental difference
- B30 percent; genotypic variation
- C70 percent; genotypic variation
- D30 percent; an environmental difference
22According to Krueger et al. (2008), which of the following scenarios illustrates a positive genotype-environment correlation?
- AAdolescents who have personalities marked by an upbeat, optimistic stance tend to evoke high levels of helpful and affirmative regard from their parents.
- BParents of children who prefer to stay indoors try to involve the children in outdoors games to help the children become more physically active.
- CChildren showing antisocial behavior tend to elicit harsh discipline from parents who attempt to curb their behavior.
- DParents of adolescents who prefer to stay at home take the adolescents to social gatherings and cultural events to help the adolescents make a lot of friends.
23Combining the strengths of adoption and twin studies:
- Arequires selective breeding over many generations of laboratory animals.
- Bis not appropriate in behavior genetics studies.
- Cprovides one of the most powerful behavioral genetic designs.
- Dprovides an error-free estimate of heritability for behavioral genetic studies.
24In the context of attitudes and preferences, a study of adopted and nonadopted children conducted by Abrahamson et al. (2002) confirmed that there is no evidence of a heritable influence on _____.
- Aconservative attitudes
- Breligious attitudes
- Cmarriage partner preferences
- Doccupational preferences
25In the context of the assumption of representativeness, adoption studies assume that:
- Aadopted children, their birth parents, and their adoptive parents are typical of the general population.
- Ba positive correlation between adopted children and their adoptive parents provides evidence for heritability for a personality trait.
- Cthe environments experienced by adopted identical twins are more similar to each other than are the environments experienced by adopted fraternal twins.
- Dplacing adopted children with adoptive parents who are similar to their birth parents helps in a better understanding of heritable traits.
26Phineas Gage's personality became _____ after he was injured by an iron rod that was blasted through his brain while he was working as a railway builder.
- Aagreeable and conscientious
- Bextraordinarily conventional
- Cextraverted and neurotic
- Dobstinate and capricious
27According to H. J. Eysenck, extraverts seek out social situations and stimulating activities because they:
- Aneed to get their arousal level higher.
- Bhave greater impulse control in social situations.
- Chave overactive ascending reticular activating systems.
- Dhave high levels of anxiety when alone.
28An electroencephalograph is a measure of:
- Aelectrical activity produced in the brain.
- Blevels of cortisol present in the bloodstream.
- Ccardiac reactivity.
- Dskin conductance.
29Who among the following proposed an influential alternative biological theory of personality called reinforcement sensitivity theory?
- APavlov
- BZuckerman
- CJeffrey Gray
- DH. J. Eysenck
30Which of the following dimensions is mostly due to biological rhythms?
- AExtraversion
- BImpulsivity
- CMorningness-eveningness
- DSensation seeking
31Measuring the amount of electricity that passes between two electrodes that are placed on the palm of one hand of an individual determines:
- Acardiovascular reactivity
- Belectroencephalogram activity
- Celectrodermal activity
- Delectrocardiogram activity.
32Which of the following personality traits is NOT identified in Cloninger's tridimensional personality model?
- AHarm avoidance
- BReward dependence
- CNovelty seeking
- DSensation seeking
33According to Cloninger's tridimensional personality model, which of the following is a characteristic of individuals high on the trait of reward dependence?
- AThey have a reactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS).
- BThey are unable to continue striving after others have given up.
- CThey put a lot of effort into their work.
- DThey avoid working long hours.
34Davidson and his colleagues found that monkeys with greater right-sided activation had higher levels of _____.
- Anorepinephrine
- Bdopamine
- Cserotonin
- Dcortisol
35Which of the following statements is true about using electrodes as a common physiological measure in personality research?
- AThey are used to measure the activity level in the brain in terms of glucose consumption.
- BThey determine the quality of immune system functioning in an individual.
- CThey restrict the movement of a participant.
- DThey penetrate a participant's skin and cause discomfort.
36Individuals who score high on the behavioral activation system perform better when they work:
- Afor reward.
- Bin a group on a task.
- Calone on a task.
- Dto avoid a punishment.
37Jeffrey Gray thought that _____ was responsible for avoidance behavior.
- Areward dependence
- Ba strong nervous system
- Cmonoamine oxidase
- Dthe behavioral inhibition system
38Which of the following is thought to control overall cortical arousal?
- AThe parasympathetic nervous system
- BThe behavioral inhibition system or BIS
- CThe behavioral activation system or BAS
- DThe ascending reticular activating system or ARAS
39Disruptions in sleep-wake cycles due to long airline flights that pass through many time zones are best tolerated by:
- Amorning types, if the flights are eastbound.
- Bevening types, regardless of the direction of flights.
- Cmorning types, regardless of the direction of flights.
- Devening types, if the flights are westbound.
40Research has found that _____ tend to score low on the Sensation-Seeking Scale.
- Apeople who are able to tolerate sensory deprivation for longer periods of time
- Bpeople who enjoy skydiving
- Cpeople who have more sexual partners
- Dstudents who volunteer for unconventional psychology experiments
41The idea that adaptations solve specific, as opposed to general, adaptive problems is known as:
- Adomain specificity.
- Bspecies typicality
- Cnumerousness
- Dfunctionality.
42Which of the following is a characteristic of intrasexual competition?
- AMembers of one sex choose a mate based on their preferences for particular qualities.
- BMembers of the same sex compete with each other for greater sexual access to members of the opposite sex.
- CMembers that lack desired characteristics are included in mating to prevent their genes from perishing.
- DMembers of lower reproductive value compete for their survival.
43Researchers using the _____ approach first observe a phenomenon and then develop a theory to fit the observations.
- Ainductive reasoning
- Bcorrelational
- Cexperimental
- Ddeductive reasoning
44These are all components of differential gene reproduction EXCEPT:
- Asuccessful mate competition.
- Bsuccessful group selection.
- Csuccessful survival.
- Dsuccessful mating.
45To determine whether something is an adaptation or a byproduct requires knowledge of:
- Athe range of functioning of the adaptation.
- Ball possible byproducts of the adaptation
- Cthe adaptation and a description of its nature.
- Dthe reproductive success gained by the adaptation.
46Some women prefer mates who will invest in their offspring, while other women prefer mates with good genes. This reflects:
- Aan environmental effect that influences personality.
- Bsex differences in jealousy.
- Cfrequency-dependent selection strategies.
- Dan adaptive self-assessment.
47A study conducted by Schutzwohl and Koch (2004)—in which participants had to listen to a story about their own romantic relationship and embedded within the story were five cues highly diagnostic of sexual infidelity and five cues highly diagnostic of emotional infidelity—found that:
- Awomen remembered more cues to emotional than to sexual infidelity.
- Bmen remembered cues to their mates' physical attractiveness more than
cues to either emotional or sexual infidelity. - Cwomen remembered cues to their mates' financial success more than cues to either emotional or sexual infidelity.
- Dmen spontaneously remembered more cues to emotional than to sexual infidelity.
48The idea that adaptations are designed by the evolutionary process to solve a particular adaptive problem is known as:
- Aspecialization
- Battenuation.
- Cdomain specificity.
- Dfunctionality.
49In life-or-death situations, the primary variable that predicts helping behavior is the _____ of the person in need of assistance.
- Aage
- Benvironment
- Cethnicity
- Dsex
50In the context of sex differences in the desire for sexual variety, the members of the sex that invests less in offspring are predicted to:
- Ahighly value emotional attachments in their mates.
- Bbe more inclined to seek multiple mates.
- Cbe more discriminating in their selection of mates.
- Dthink about sex less often than their mates.
51Competition that tends to be very intense among individuals using the same strategy may lead to the development of:
- Adouble-shot hypotheses.
- Bfrequency-dependent alternative strategies.
- Cadaptive self-assessments.
- Dvariant competitive strategies.
52Which of the following is an example of a characteristic that is NOT necessarily adaptive in modern environments?
- ASocial anxiety
- BSexual desire
- CSexual selection
- DXenophobia
53Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the evolutionary approach?
- ADifferent evolutionary explanations being able to explain the same phenomenon
- BLack of knowledge about conditions during human evolution
- CDifferent selective pressures today than in most of human history
- DUsage of an inductive method to generate evolutionary hypotheses
54Traits that lead to mating benefits rather than survival benefits are probably:
- Aa result of sexual selection.
- Brandom variations.
- Cthe byproducts of adaptation.
- Da result of survival selection.
55According to evolutionary psychology, a man would be most upset by his mate's _____.
- Asexual fantasies
- Bsexual infidelity
- Csexual dimorphism
- Demotional infidelity
56José spends most of his time thinking about Sheila, the love of his life. This had led to José neglecting his course work. From a Freudian perspective, José's neglect of his school work is most likely due to:
- Ahis strong libido
- Bhis fixed amount of psychic energy.
- Chis lack of interest in the courses.
- Da sublimation of his aggressive thoughts.
57The most primitive part of the human mind is the:
- Aid
- Bsuperego.
- Cego.
- Dpreconscious mind.
58Thinking without logical rules of conscious thought is known as:
- Aprimary process thinking.
- Bfree running.
- Cmoral reasoning.
- Dsecondary process thinking.
59The ego operates:
- Aaccording to the pleasure principle.
- Bwith primary process thinking.
- Caccording to the anxiety principle.
- Daccording to the reality principle.
60A person who has a well-balanced mind, one that is free from anxiety, will typically have a:
- Astrong superego.
- Bvery weak id.
- Cstrong ego.
- Dweak collective unconscious.
61According to Sigmund Freud, anxiety is a signal that the control of the _____ is being threatened by reality.
- Aid
- Bego
- Carchetype
- Dsuperego
62Yang is lost in a big city and is likely to be late for an important job interview. He is most likely experiencing _____ anxiety.
- Ageographic
- Bmoral
- Cneurotic
- Dobjective
63The _____ is responsible for balancing the demands of reality and the other parts of the mind.
- Asuperego
- BOedipal conflict
- Cid
- Dego
64In which of the following defense mechanisms does a person insist that things are not the way they seem and refuses to see the facts?
- ARepression
- BSublimation
- CProjection
- DDenial
65Jerry loves to party and thinks that everyone else also enjoys partying. This most likely demonstrates the _____ effect.
- AZeigarnik
- Bobject relations
- Csocial facilitation
- Dfalse consensus
66According to Sigmund Freud, the most adaptive defense mechanism is:
- Asublimation.
- Brepression.
- Cprojection.
- Dreaction formation.
67From a psychological perspective, the main conflict during the _____ stage is excessive pleasure versus dependency.
- Aoral
- Blatency
- Cphallic
- Danal
68During the _____ stage, a child receives pleasure from expelling or retaining feces.
- Aoral
- Blatency
- Cphallic
- Danal
69During the phallic stage, little _____ fall in love and want to have sex with their _____.
- Aboys; mothers
- BAll of the answers are correct.
- Cboys; fathers
- Dgirls; mothers
70According to Sigmund Freud, what the dream actually contains is called the _____ and what the elements of the dream represent is called the _____ in dream analysis.
- Alatent content; manifest content
- Bid impulses; projective hypothesis
- Clatent content; id impulses
- Dmanifest content; latent content
71Memory research conducted by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus suggests that false memories can be created:
- Awith leading questions.
- Busing subliminal prompts.
- Cthrough child abuse.
- Dthrough head trauma.
72A study conducted by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated that:
- Afalse memories can occur only in brain-damaged individuals.
- Bindividuals remembered only salient cues when administered sodium amytal.
- Cleading questions by therapists could implant false memories in patients.
- Dindividuals find it impossible to bring forth false memories when hypnotized.
73The _____ occurs when a memory is elaborated upon through ideation, leading a person to confuse a fancied event with events that actually happened.
- Aimagination inflation effect
- Bequal environments assumption
- Cfalse consensus effect
- Dthird variable problem
74In an experimental procedure developed by Henry Roediger and Kathleen McDermott, approximately _____ percent of normal subjects are induced to have a false memory.
- A20
- B35
- C55
- D80
75Which of the following describes the idea that memory influences in various ways what people recall?
- AThe motivated unconscious view
- BConfirmatory bias
- CA constructive memory
- DPriming
76According to Erik Erikson, _____ refers to the desperation and confusion a person feels when he or she has not developed a strong sense of identity.
- Athe false consensus effect
- Bidentity crisis
- Cidentity confusion
- Dthe imagination inflation effect
77A good outcome of the _____ stage is when a child feels a sense of control and mastery over things.
- Ainitiative versus guilt
- Bidentity versus role confusion
- Ctrust versus mistrust
- Dautonomy versus shame and doubt
78According to Erik Erikson, sense of industry describes:
- Athe first developmental stage.
- Ba feeling that one can work to achieve what he or she wants.
- Ca feeling of failure.
- Da sense of low self-esteem.
79Erik Erikson's fifth stage of personality development is identity versus:
- Ainferiority.
- Bisolation.
- Crole confusion.
- Dstagnation.
80According to Karen Horney, _____ is a term that describes a set of shared standards for many behaviors.
- Aculture
- Bsocial power
- Cthe cognitive unconscious
- Dgender
81Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the narcissistic paradox?
- AKeith has a grandiose sense of self-importance but can still handle criticism very well.
- BSheila appears to be a confident manager but needs constant praise from her team members.
- CSimone appears low in self-esteem but is sure of her worth as a fashion consultant.
- DKevin has a high self-esteem but gets annoyed of constant praises from his friends.
82The narcissistic paradox is that although narcissists:
- Aappear high in self-esteem, they actually have doubts about their worth as a person.
- Bact violently, they deny these actions.
- Cact modestly, they actually have very high self-esteem.
- Dhave high self-esteem, they are aggressive.
83Research suggests that when criticized, narcissists may:
- Aignore the criticism.
- Bboast loudly so that everyone can listen.
- Ccongratulate themselves quietly.
- Dbehave aggressively.
84Roberto, a toddler, is left with a stranger in a room when his mother leaves for a few minutes. He is very upset and difficult to calm in his mother's absence. When his mother returns, he approaches her but later resists by fighting against being held. According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, Roberto most likely belongs to the _____ attached group.
- Asecurely
- Bambivalently
- Cindependently
- Davoidantly
85Most people who study attachment and relationship styles would agree that:
- Aa positive relationship in adulthood can compensate for a negative childhood.
- Ba negative childhood predicts a strong motive to form deep attachments in adult relationships.
- Cthere is little correspondence between childhood and adult attachment styles.
- Da childhood attachment style cannot be changed during adulthood.
86Which of the following terms best describes a state of tension within a person that is usually caused by a lack of something?
- AAlpha press
- BNeed
- CBeta press
- DMotive
87Henry Murray assumed that needs varied:
- Aover time
- BAll of the answers are correct.
- Cbetween people.
- Dbased on situations.
88The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by:
- ASigmund Freud.
- BHenry Murray and Christiana Morgan.
- CAbraham Maslow.
- DHermann Rorschach.
89The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a(n):
- Aself-report questionnaire.
- Bprojective assessment technique.
- Cpsychopathology index
- Dintelligence inventory.
90The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy (nInt) is:
- ADavid McClelland.
- BDan McAdams.
- CAbraham Maslow.
- DDavid Winter.
91People high in the need for intimacy (nInt) tend to:
- Ahave a few close friends.
- Bbe extraverted.
- Cbe physically attractive.
- Dhave more friends than people low in the need for intimacy (nInt).
92Unlike psychoanalysis, the humanistic tradition provides a(n) _____ view of human nature.
- Aconfused
- Bpessimistic
- Copen-minded
- Doptimistic
93Which of the following terms best describes the act of becoming the person one was meant to be?
- ASelf-actualization
- BPositive regard
- CThe idiographic approach
- DSelf-esteem
94Maslow estimated that about _____ percent of the population are growth motivated and are working on becoming all that they can become.
- A1
- B10
- C25
- D50
95According to a study that compared groups defined in terms of where they stood on Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy in terms of overall happiness, people working on higher-level needs _____ compared to people working on more basic needs.
- Aare less happy
- Bsleep more
- Care no different in terms of overall happiness
- Dare happier
96Abraham Maslow conducted case studies of a number of people:
- Ain over a dozen countries.
- Bat each of the hierarchically-organized levels
- Cwho he thought were self-actualizers.
- Dwho he knew personally.
97Carl Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be:
- Amiserable.
- Bfully functioning.
- Cfully self-actualized.
- Dslightly unhappy.
98According to Carl Rogers, anxiety is a result of:
- Apositive regard.
- Bhaving an experience that does not fit with one's self-conception.
- Cexperiencing conditions of worth.
- Ddistorting one's experiences.
99Carl Roger's client-centered therapy is designed to:
- Aget a person back on the path to self-actualization.
- Bsolve a person's problems.
- CAll of the answers are correct.
- Dinterpret a person's problems.
100Which of the following provides the best metaphor for client-centered therapy?
- AA mirror
- BA textbook
- CA steamroller
- DA puzzle
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- Quiz on Personality Mid Term #2, created by Kylie Bailey on 11/02/2020.
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- Kylie Bailey
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