Quiz
Equine Head 1
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Questions in this quiz (30)
1Normal Anatomy + Physiology:
- [blank_start]external[blank_end] [blank_start]nares[blank_end]
- nasal [blank_start]turbines[blank_end]
- [blank_start]nasopharynx[blank_end] + [blank_start]soft[blank_end] [blank_start]palate[blank_end]
- [blank_start]paranasal[blank_end] sinuses
- [blank_start]larynx[blank_end]
- [blank_start]guttural[blank_end] [blank_start]pouches[blank_end]- Aexternal
- Bnares
- Cturbines
- Dnasopharynx
- Esoft
- Fpalate
- Gparanasal
- Hlarynx
- Iguttural
- Jpouches
2Normal Anatomy + Physiology:
- respiratory [blank_start]muscles[blank_end] ([blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end]) provide [blank_start]force[blank_end] for [blank_start]ventilation[blank_end]
= inhalation = [blank_start]-ve[blank_end] pressures - [blank_start]air moves into lung[blank_end]
= exhalation = [blank_start]+ve[blank_end] pressures - [blank_start]drives air out[blank_end]
- [blank_start]2/3[blank_end] of all [blank_start]resistance[blank_end] in [blank_start]upper[blank_end] [blank_start]airway[blank_end]
- at rest:
= respiratory rate [blank_start]15[blank_end] brpm
= tidal volume [blank_start]5L[blank_end]
= minute ventilation [blank_start]75L[blank_end]
- at exercise
= minute ventilation [blank_start]1500L[blank_end] i.e. 20 x increase
= [blank_start]VO2[blank_end] [blank_start]max[blank_end] > [blank_start]4[blank_end] times that on [blank_start]human[blank_end] [blank_start]athlete[blank_end]
- airway resistance limits [blank_start]arterial[blank_end] [blank_start]blood[blank_end] [blank_start]oxygenation[blank_end]- Amuscles
- Bdiaphragm
- Cforce
- Dventilation
- E-ve
- F+ve
- Gair moves into lung
- Hdrives air out
- I2/3
- J1/3
- Kresistance
- Lupper
- Mairway
- N15
- O10
- P30
- Q5L
- R3L
- S6L
- T75L
- U50L
- V80L
- W1500L
- X1000L
- Y2000L
- ZVO2
- AAmax
- AB4
- AC6
- AD2
- AEhuman
- AFathlete
- AGarterial
- AHblood
- AIoxygenation
3Normal Anatomy + Physiology:
Upper Airway Functions:
1. [blank_start]conduit[blank_end] = airflow to + from lung
2. [blank_start]filtering[blank_end] = mucus
3. [blank_start]protection[blank_end] = of [blank_start]lower[blank_end] airway from [blank_start]aspiration[blank_end]
4. olfaction
5. [blank_start]phonation[blank_end]
6. swallowing
7. [blank_start]thermoregulation[blank_end]
*[blank_start]obligate[blank_end] nasal breathers*- Aconduit
- Bfiltering
- Cprotection
- Daspiration
- Elower
- Fupper
- Gphonation
- Hthermoregulation
- Iobligate
4What happens when it doesn't function normally?
- [blank_start]upper[blank_end] [blank_start]airway[blank_end] not ideally [blank_start]designed[blank_end] for [blank_start]one[blank_end] [blank_start]activity[blank_end]
- horses [blank_start]cannot[blank_end] [blank_start]switch[blank_end] to [blank_start]mouth[blank_end] [blank_start]breathing[blank_end]
= [blank_start]URT[blank_end] [blank_start]disorder[blank_end] may [blank_start]limit[blank_end] horses [blank_start]exercise[blank_end] [blank_start]capacity[blank_end]
= minimal [blank_start]tolerance[blank_end]
- anything that [blank_start]narrows[blank_end] airway [blank_start]lumen[blank_end]
--> [blank_start]increased[blank_end] airflow [blank_start]resistance[blank_end]
--> increased [blank_start]negative[blank_end] [blank_start]pressure[blank_end] on respiration
--> [blank_start]unsupported[blank_end] [blank_start]structures[blank_end] [blank_start]collapse[blank_end] (pharynx larynx)
--> URT [blank_start]obstruction[blank_end]
--> [blank_start]noise[blank_end] + [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] oxygen delivery- Aupper
- Bairway
- Cdesigned
- Done
- Eactivity
- Fcannot
- Gswitch
- Hmouth
- Ibreathing
- JURT
- Kdisorder
- Llimit
- Mexercise
- Ncapacity
- Otolerance
- Pnarrows
- Qlumen
- Rincreased
- Sresistance
- Tnegative
- Upressure
- Vunsupported
- Wstructures
- Xcollapse
- Yobstruction
- Znoise
- AAreduced
5Why is URT disease important?
- URT disease [blank_start]common[blank_end] [blank_start]problem[blank_end]
- can be [blank_start]life[blank_end] [blank_start]threatening[blank_end]
- [blank_start]limits[blank_end] [blank_start]exercise[blank_end] [blank_start]capacity[blank_end] using [blank_start]poor[blank_end] [blank_start]performance[blank_end]
= racehorse = [blank_start]slow[blank_end]
= show horse = [blank_start]noisy[blank_end]
- significant [blank_start]interaction[blank_end] between [blank_start]GIT[blank_end] + [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] [blank_start]function[blank_end]- Acommon
- Bproblem
- Crare
- Dlife
- Ethreatening
- Flimits
- Gexercise
- Hcapacity
- Ipoor
- Jperformance
- Kslow
- Lnoisy
- Minteraction
- NGIT
- Orespiratory
- Pfunction
6Clinical History:
General history:
- signalment + [blank_start]use[blank_end]
- horses [blank_start]general[blank_end] [blank_start]health[blank_end]
- [blank_start]management[blank_end]
Specific history:
- [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] [blank_start]discharge[blank_end] + [blank_start]type[blank_end] of discharge
- respiratory [blank_start]noise[blank_end]
- [blank_start]exercise[blank_end] [blank_start]intolerance[blank_end]
- [blank_start]coughing[blank_end]
- [blank_start]eating[blank_end] + [blank_start]drinking[blank_end] normally
- [blank_start]previous[blank_end] medical treatment/[blank_start]surgery[blank_end]
Life threatening:
- [blank_start]profuse[blank_end] [blank_start]epistaxis[blank_end]
- severe [blank_start]dyspnoea[blank_end]- Ause
- Bgeneral
- Chealth
- Dmanagement
- Enasal
- Fdischarge
- Gtype
- Hnoise
- Iexercise
- Jintolerance
- Kcoughing
- Leating
- Mdrinking
- Nprevious
- Osurgery
- Pprofuse
- Qepistaxis
- Rdyspnoea
7Specific History - Nasal Discharge:
1. [blank_start]Where[blank_end] does it come from
- unilateral = [blank_start]at/rostral to nasal septum[blank_end] = [blank_start]sinus or nasal passages[blank_end]
- bilateral = [blank_start]behind nasal septum[blank_end] = [blank_start]GP, larynx, pharynx,[blank_end] [blank_start]lower respiratory tract[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Chronicity[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Nature[blank_end] of discharge
- [blank_start]serous[blank_end], blood, purulent, [blank_start]food[blank_end] material
4. Evidence of [blank_start]trauma[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]additional[blank_end] clinical signs
- [blank_start]cough[blank_end]
- [blank_start]submandibular[blank_end] [blank_start]swelling[blank_end] (lymph nodes)- AWhere
- BChronicity
- CNature
- Dtrauma
- Eadditional
- Fat/rostral to nasal septum
- Gsinus or nasal passages
- Hbehind nasal septum
- IGP, larynx, pharynx,
- Jlower respiratory tract
- Kserous
- Lfood
- Mcough
- Nsubmandibular
- Oswelling
- Pmandibular
8Specific History - Respiratory Noise:
1. [blank_start]When[blank_end] does it occur = at [blank_start]rest[blank_end] or [blank_start]exercise[blank_end]?
2. [blank_start]severity[blank_end] of [blank_start]obstruction[blank_end]
3. is the noise [blank_start]inspiratory[blank_end], [blank_start]expiratory[blank_end] or [blank_start]both[blank_end]?
4. [blank_start]what[blank_end] does the noise [blank_start]sound[blank_end] like? = whistle, roar, [blank_start]gurgle[blank_end], snoring
5. [blank_start]continuous[blank_end] or [blank_start]intermittent[blank_end]?
6. if at exercise
- what [blank_start]pace[blank_end] does it occur at
- is it associated with [blank_start]poor[blank_end] [blank_start]performance[blank_end] = horse [blank_start]stop[blank_end]/[blank_start]slow[blank_end] [blank_start]down[blank_end] when the noise occurs? horse [blank_start]recover[blank_end] [blank_start]normally[blank_end]?
- does the noise [blank_start]disappear[blank_end] once horse's [blank_start]speed[blank_end] [blank_start]reduces[blank_end]
7. any [blank_start]other[blank_end] clinical signs = [blank_start]cough[blank_end]/[blank_start]nasal[blank_end] [blank_start]discharge[blank_end]- AWhen
- Brest
- Cexercise
- Dseverity
- Eobstruction
- Finspiratory
- Gexpiratory
- Hboth
- Iwhat
- Jsound
- Kgurgle
- Lcontinuous
- Mintermittent
- Npace
- Opoor
- Pperformance
- Qstop
- Rslow
- Sdown
- Trecover
- Unormally
- Vdisappear
- Wspeed
- Xreduces
- Yincreases
- Zother
- AAcough
- ABdischarge
- ACnasal
9Clinical Exam:
1. look, listen, palpate
= [blank_start]limitations[blank_end] to what we can [blank_start]palpate[blank_end] or see [blank_start]externally[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]general[blank_end] [blank_start]physical[blank_end] exam
- examine [blank_start]all[blank_end] [blank_start]body[blank_end] [blank_start]systems[blank_end]
- [blank_start]TPR[blank_end]
- identify any signs of [blank_start]concurrent[blank_end] [blank_start]disease[blank_end]
- respiratory [blank_start]rate[blank_end] + character
- [blank_start]nostril[blank_end] [blank_start]flare[blank_end]
- [blank_start]auscultation[blank_end] of [blank_start]thorax[blank_end]
3. assess for [blank_start]other[blank_end] [blank_start]causes[blank_end] of [blank_start]poor[blank_end] [blank_start]performance[blank_end]
- [blank_start]lameness[blank_end]
- [blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] disease- Alimitations
- Bpalpate
- Cexternally
- Dgeneral
- Ephysical
- Fall
- Gbody
- Hsystems
- Irespiratory
- JTPR
- Kconcurrent
- Ldisease
- Mrate
- Nnostril
- Oflare
- Psize
- Qauscultation
- Rthorax
- Sabdomen
- Tother
- Ucauses
- Vpoor
- Wperformance
- Xlameness
- Ycardiac
- ZGI
10What would you be looking for/doing in a detailed head examination?
- Asymmetry
- Bnasal discharge
- Cocular discharge
- Dairflow from both nostrils
- Edental examination
- FCT
- G+/- percussion of sinuses
- Hpalpation of larynx
- Ievidence of previous surgical scars
- Jpalpation of lymph nodes
11Palpation of the larynx:
- [blank_start]look[blank_end] and [blank_start]feel[blank_end] for [blank_start]scars[blank_end]
= [blank_start]previous[blank_end] [blank_start]surgery[blank_end] ([blank_start]midline[blank_end] or just [blank_start]above[blank_end] [blank_start]jugular[blank_end] [blank_start]furrow[blank_end])
- palpation of [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] [blank_start]larynx[blank_end]
- feel for [blank_start]arytenoid[blank_end] [blank_start]cartilage[blank_end] [blank_start]muscular[blank_end] [blank_start]process[blank_end]
= assess [blank_start]symmetry[blank_end]
= [blank_start]recurrent[blank_end] [blank_start]laryngeal[blank_end] [blank_start]neuropathy[blank_end]- Ascars
- Blook
- Cfeel
- Dprevious
- Esurgery
- Finjury
- Gmidline
- Habove
- Ijugular
- Jfurrow
- Kvein
- Lbelow
- Mdorsal
- Nlarynx
- Oarytenoid
- Pcartilage
- Qmuscular
- Rprocess
- Ssymmetry
- Trecurrent
- Ularyngeal
- Vneuropathy
12Examination at Exercise:
*determine the [blank_start]nature[blank_end] of the noise*
1. when? = [blank_start]throughout[blank_end] exercise or when [blank_start]pushed[blank_end]/tired
2. quality/[blank_start]pitch[blank_end] = whistle, [blank_start]roar[blank_end], gurgle, snoring
3. [blank_start]stride[blank_end] [blank_start]phase[blank_end] = '[blank_start]locomotor[blank_end] [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] [blank_start]coupling[blank_end]'
- canter = [blank_start]expiration[blank_end] leading leg hits ground
4. some sounds heard at exercise [blank_start]NORMAL[blank_end]
= [blank_start]snorting[blank_end]
= '[blank_start]high[blank_end] blowing'
= [blank_start]sheath[blank_end] noise
= '[blank_start]thick[blank_end] [blank_start]wind[blank_end]'- Anature
- Bthroughout
- Cpushed
- Dpitch
- Eroar
- Fstride
- Gphase
- Hlocomotor
- Irespiratory
- Jcoupling
- Kexpiration
- Linspiration
- MNORMAL
- NRARE
- Ohigh
- Pthick
- Qwind
- Rsheath
- Ssnorting
13What are some of the causes of abnormal inspiratory noises at exercise?
- ARLN
- BDDSP (soft gurgling)
- CEpiglottic entrapment
- DSubepiglottic cyst
- EEpiglottic retroversion
- FDynamic nasopharyngeal collapse
- GADAF
- HAlar fold collapse
- INasal Paralysis
- J4-BAD
14What are some of the causes of abnormal expiratory noises at exercise?
- ARLN
- BDDSP (soft gurgling)
- CEpiglottic entrapment
- DDDSP (loud)
- EEpiglottic retroversion
- FSubepiglottic cyst
- Gdynamic nasopharyngeal collapse
- HADAF
- Ialar fold collapse/nasal paralysis
- J4-BAD
15Which of the following are possible further diagnostic tests?
- Aendoscopy
- Bradiography
- Csinoscopy
- Dultrasonography
- ECT
- FMRI
- Ghaematology
- Hbiochemistry
- Iscintigraphy
- Jsound analysis
16Endoscopy:
[blank_start]fiber[blank_end] [blank_start]optic[blank_end] endoscope
- [blank_start]flexible[blank_end] = within reason! ([blank_start]glass[blank_end] fibers = very [blank_start]fragile[blank_end])
- 1 m, [blank_start]2[blank_end] m, [blank_start]3[blank_end] m lengths
- [blank_start]9-15[blank_end] mm diameter
- pediatric = [blank_start]5 mm[blank_end]- Afiber
- Boptic
- Cflexible
- Dglass
- Emetal
- Fplastic
- Gfragile
- Hsturdy
- I2
- J3
- K5
- L10
- M9-15
- N20
- O15-18
- P5 mm
- Q2 mm
- R8 mm
17Resting Endoscopy:
- assess [blank_start]appearance[blank_end] + [blank_start]function[blank_end] - larynx/pharynx
- [blank_start]may not correlate[blank_end] with [blank_start]exercise[blank_end]
- [blank_start]avoid[blank_end] [blank_start]sedation[blank_end]/twitch if assessing pharynx/larynx
= affects function
= [blank_start]DDSP[blank_end] [blank_start]common[blank_end]
Structures to be assessed:
1. [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] [blank_start]passages[blank_end]
2. sinus [blank_start]drainage[blank_end] [blank_start]angles[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]ethmoturbinates[blank_end]
4. nasopharynx
5. larynx
6. [blank_start]guttural[blank_end] [blank_start]pouches[blank_end]
7. trachea- Aappearance
- Bfunction
- Cmay not correlate
- Dwill always
- Eexercise
- Favoid
- Gsedation
- Huse
- IDDSP
- Jcommon
- Krare
- Lnasal
- Mpassages
- Ndrainage
- Oangles
- Pethmoturbinates
- Qguttural
- Rpouches
18Exercise Endoscopy:
- important tool for [blank_start]assessment[blank_end] of [blank_start]poor[blank_end] [blank_start]performance[blank_end] at exercise
- [blank_start]more[blank_end] [blank_start]accurate[blank_end] assessment of [blank_start]dynamic[blank_end] [blank_start]airway[blank_end] [blank_start]function[blank_end]
- [blank_start]many[blank_end] causes of [blank_start]URT[blank_end] [blank_start]obstruction[blank_end] [blank_start]only[blank_end] occur at [blank_start]exercise[blank_end]- Aassessment
- Bpoor
- Cperformance
- Dmore
- Eless
- Faccurate
- Gdynamic
- Hairway
- Ifunction
- Jmany
- Kfew
- LURT
- Mobstruction
- Nonly
- Oexercise
19Which of the following are conditions that only occur during exercise?
- Aintermittent DDSP
- Bcontinuous DDSP
- Cdynamic nasopharyngeal collapse
- Dvocal fold/arytenoid cartilage collapse
- Eintermittent epiglottic entrapment
- Fsubepiglottic cyst
- GADAF
- Hepiglottic retroversion
- I4-BAD
20Dynamic Respiratory Endoscope:
- [blank_start]unique[blank_end] scope [blank_start]design[blank_end]
- [blank_start]attaches[blank_end] to [blank_start]bridle[blank_end]
- [blank_start]wireless[blank_end] [blank_start]pictures[blank_end]
- [blank_start]real[blank_end] [blank_start]time[blank_end] examination- Aunique
- Bdesign
- Cmaterial
- Dattaches
- Ebridle
- Fsaddle
- Grider
- Hwireless
- Ipictures
- Jreal
- Ktime
21Radiography:
- assess [blank_start]bony[blank_end] + [blank_start]dental[blank_end] structures of [blank_start]head[blank_end]
- [blank_start]air[blank_end] in [blank_start]sinuses[blank_end] allows [blank_start]enhancement[blank_end]
- [blank_start]interpretation[blank_end] can be [blank_start]difficult[blank_end] due to [blank_start]overlap[blank_end] of multiple [blank_start]structures[blank_end] e.g. [blank_start]teeth[blank_end]
- indications in clude
= facial/mandibular [blank_start]fractures[blank_end]
= suspected [blank_start]paranasal[blank_end] [blank_start]sinus[blank_end] [blank_start]disease[blank_end]
= suspected dental disease ([blank_start]periapical[blank_end] [blank_start]infection[blank_end])
= investigations of bony [blank_start]swellings[blank_end]- Abony
- Bdental
- Chead
- Dair
- Esinuses
- Fenhancement
- Ginterpretation
- Hdifficult
- Ioverlap
- Jstructures
- Kteeth
- Lfractures
- Mparanasal
- Nsinus
- Odisease
- Pperiapical
- Qinfection
- Rswellings
22Radiography:
[blank_start]latero[blank_end]-[blank_start]lateral[blank_end] view = good for assessing paranasal sinuses, guttural pouches + pharynx- Alatero
- Blateral
23Radiography:
[blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]oblique[blank_end] views = used most commonly to assess periapical regions of premolars + molars (prevents [blank_start]superimposition[blank_end])- Alateral
- Boblique
- Csuperimposition
24Paranasal Sinus - Imaging:
- [blank_start]multiple[blank_end] [blank_start]projections[blank_end]
= lateral
= DV
= [blank_start]oblique[blank_end] (30 degrees)
- [blank_start]cassette[blank_end] should be positioned on [blank_start]affected[blank_end] [blank_start]side[blank_end]
- [blank_start]portable[blank_end] [blank_start]x[blank_end]-[blank_start]ray[blank_end] units [blank_start]sufficient[blank_end]- Amultiple
- Bprojections
- Coblique
- Dcassette
- Eaffected
- Fside
- Gunaffected
- Hportable
- Ix
- Jray
- Ksufficient
- Lnot sufficient
25Radiography:
[blank_start]dorso[blank_end]-[blank_start]ventral[blank_end] view = assessment of paranasal sinuses, nasal septum + teeth, helps to decide is lesions [blank_start]unilateral[blank_end] or bilateral- Adorso
- Bventral
- Cunilateral
26Ultrasonography Indications:
- [blank_start]soft[blank_end] [blank_start]tissue[blank_end] [blank_start]swellings[blank_end] of head/neck
- assessment of [blank_start]larynx[blank_end]
- [blank_start]facial[blank_end] [blank_start]fractures[blank_end]
- examination of [blank_start]eye[blank_end] + [blank_start]periocular[blank_end] tissues
- suspected [blank_start]temporo[blank_end]-[blank_start]mandibular[blank_end] [blank_start]joint[blank_end] disease- Asoft
- Btissue
- Cswellings
- Dlarynx
- Efacial
- Ffractures
- Geye
- Hperiocular
- Itemporo
- Jmandibular
- Kjoint
- Latlanto
- Moccipital
27Sinoscopy:
- [blank_start]direct[blank_end] examination of [blank_start]paranasal[blank_end] [blank_start]sinus[blank_end] using [blank_start]endoscope[blank_end]
- [blank_start]small[blank_end] [blank_start]trephine[blank_end] placed in sinus
Indications:
- investigation of [blank_start]suspected[blank_end] paranasal sinus [blank_start]disease[blank_end]
- [blank_start]aspiration[blank_end] of [blank_start]material[blank_end] (confirm presence of [blank_start]pus[blank_end])
- [blank_start]biopsy[blank_end]
- treatment- Adirect
- Bindirect
- Cparanasal
- Dsinus
- Eendoscope
- Fprobe
- Gsmall
- Htrephine
- Ilarge
- Jsuspected
- Kdisease
- Laspiration
- Mmaterial
- Npus
- Oforeign body
- Pbiopsy
28Computed Tomography (CT):
- major advantages
= [blank_start]cross[blank_end]-[blank_start]sectional[blank_end] images
= [blank_start]superior[blank_end] [blank_start]resolution[blank_end]
= tissue [blank_start]density[blank_end] [blank_start]measurement[blank_end]
Indications
- investigating possible [blank_start]periapical[blank_end] [blank_start]infection[blank_end]
- investigation of [blank_start]masses[blank_end] within [blank_start]paranasal[blank_end] [blank_start]sinuses[blank_end]- Across
- Bsectional
- Csuperior
- Dresolution
- Edensity
- Fmeasurement
- Gestimate
- Hperiapical
- Iinfection
- Jmasses
- Kparanasal
- Lsinuses
29Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
- [blank_start]rarely[blank_end] performed in equine head + neck
= [blank_start]expensive[blank_end]
= time
- rarely [blank_start]indicated[blank_end] [blank_start]clinically[blank_end]
= suspected [blank_start]brain[blank_end] [blank_start]tumour[blank_end]
= investigation of [blank_start]masses[blank_end]- Ararely
- Bcommonly
- Cexpensive
- Dcheap
- Eindicated
- Fclinically
- Gbrain
- Htumour
- Imasses
- Jfractures
30Scintigraphy:
- [blank_start]same[blank_end] principles as for scintigraphy for investigation of [blank_start]orthopaedic[blank_end] [blank_start]disease[blank_end]
- indications
= [blank_start]differentiation[blank_end] between [blank_start]primary[blank_end] + [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] [blank_start]sinusitis[blank_end]
= identification of [blank_start]correct[blank_end] [blank_start]tooth[blank_end]
= suspected [blank_start]TMJ[blank_end] disease
- [blank_start]superseded[blank_end] by [blank_start]CT[blank_end] = [blank_start]rarely[blank_end] used now- Aorthopaedic
- Bdisease
- Csame
- Ddifferent
- Edifferentiation
- Fprimary
- Gsecondary
- Hsinusitis
- Icorrect
- Jtooth
- KTMJ
- Lsuperseded
- Mpreceeded
- NCT
- Orarely
- Pcommonly
Information
- Description
- Management of Disease Quiz on Equine Head 1, created by Rhiannon Llwyd on 28/04/2020.
- Author
- Rhiannon Llwyd
- Language
- English
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