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Instrumental Conditioning
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1What is instrumental conditioning?
1. [blank_start]Behavior[blank_end] produces [blank_start]consequent stimulus[blank_end] and often occurs because it [blank_start]produces consequence[blank_end].
2. [blank_start]Goal-directed[blank_end] = occurs before [blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end], [blank_start]voluntary[blank_end], [blank_start]emitted[blank_end].- ABehavior
- Bconsequent stimulus
- Cproduces consequence
- DGoal-directed
- Ereinforcement
- Fvoluntary
- Gemitted
2What is connectionism?
1. Proposed by [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Neural bond[blank_end] between [blank_start]sense impression[blank_end] ([blank_start]stimulus[blank_end]) and [blank_start]impulse to action[blank_end] ([blank_start]response[blank_end])- Athorndike
- BNeural bond
- Csense impression
- Dstimulus
- Eimpulse to action
- Fresponse
3What is trial and error learning?
1. Most [blank_start]basic[blank_end] form of learning according to [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Cats in puzzle boxes[blank_end] = [blank_start]incremental[blank_end] improvement, [blank_start]systematic[blank_end] steps, not [blank_start]insightful[blank_end]- Abasic
- Bthorndike
- CCats in puzzle boxes
- Dincremental
- Esystematic
- Finsightful
4What is the law of effect?
1. Proposed by [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end]
2. If [blank_start]response[blank_end] to [blank_start]stimulus[blank_end] is followed by [blank_start]pleasant[blank_end] event/[blank_start]reinforcer[blank_end] = [blank_start]strengthened[blank_end], [blank_start]annoying[blank_end] event [blank_start]weakens[blank_end]
3. Based on [blank_start]discrete trials[blank_end]- Athorndike
- Bresponse
- Cstimulus
- Dpleasant
- Ereinforcer
- Fstrengthened
- Gannoying
- Hweakens
- Idiscrete trials
5How was maze learning used in instrumental conditioning?
1. [blank_start]Discrete trials[blank_end] approach
2. Recorded [blank_start]time to reach food[blank_end] and number of [blank_start]errors[blank_end]
3. Simplified from [blank_start]maze[blank_end] to [blank_start]T maze[blank_end] to [blank_start]straight alley[blank_end]- ADiscrete trials
- Btime to reach food
- Cerrors
- Dmaze
- ET maze
- Fstraight alley
6What is the skinner box?
1. Also known as the [blank_start]operant chamber[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]free operant[blank_end] conditioning = rat [blank_start]freely[blank_end] able to [blank_start]press lever[blank_end] when/how often they want to recieve [blank_start]food pellets[blank_end]
3. Important because [blank_start]automates instrumental conditioning[blank_end], able to study [blank_start]continuous[blank_end] learning- Aoperant chamber
- Bfree operant
- Cfreely
- Dpress lever
- Efood pellets
- Fcontinuous
- Gautomates instrumental conditioning
7What is a cummulative recorder?
1. Developed by [blank_start]skinner[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]free operant[blank_end] conditioning = measure [blank_start]learning[blank_end] through [blank_start]rate of behavior[blank_end]
3. creates a [blank_start]visual record[blank_end] = [blank_start]continuous[blank_end] recording of [blank_start]behavior[blank_end], [blank_start]increased[blank_end] with each [blank_start]response[blank_end]- Askinner
- Bfree operant
- Clearning
- Drate of behavior
- Evisual record
- Fcontinuous
- Gbehavior
- Hincreased
- Iresponse
8What is free-operant conditioning?
1. Developed by [blank_start]skinner[blank_end] using the [blank_start]operant chamber[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]operant[blank_end] level = [blank_start]baseline[blank_end] level prior to [blank_start]conditioning[blank_end], use to assess [blank_start]change in behavior[blank_end]/[blank_start]learning[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]novel[blank_end] method for analysis of [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] = study [blank_start]individual[blank_end] behavior, not [blank_start]average performance of groups[blank_end]
4. shape desired [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] controlled by [blank_start]consequences[blank_end]- Askinner
- Boperant chamber
- Coperant
- Dbaseline
- Econditioning
- Fchange in behavior
- Glearning
- Hnovel
- Ibehavior
- Jindividual
- Kaverage performance of groups
- Lbehavior
- Mconsequences
9What is positive reinforcement?
1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
2. [blank_start]positive[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end] = response produces [blank_start]appetitive stimulus[blank_end] = [blank_start]increase[blank_end] behavior
3. allows for [blank_start]continuous reward[blank_end] event- Ainstrumental
- Bpositive
- Creinforcement
- Dappetitive stimulus
- Eincrease
- Fcontinuous reward
10What is punishment?
1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
2. [blank_start]positive[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]punishment[blank_end] = response produces [blank_start]aversive stimulus[blank_end] = [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] behavior
3. [blank_start]hard[blank_end] to train = may have to first train with [blank_start]positive reinforcement[blank_end]- Ainstrumental
- Bpositive
- Cpunishment
- Daversive stimulus
- Edecrease
- Fhard
- Gpositive reinforcement
11What is negative reinforcement?
1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
2. [blank_start]negative[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end] = response [blank_start]removes[blank_end] ([blank_start]escape[blank_end])/[blank_start]prevents[blank_end] ([blank_start]avoidance[blank_end]) [blank_start]aversive[blank_end] stimulus = [blank_start]increase[blank_end] behavior- Ainstrumental
- Bnegative
- Creinforcement
- Dremoves
- Eescape
- Fprevents
- Gavoidance
- Haversive
- Iincrease
12What is omission training?
1. [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning procedure
2. [blank_start]negative[blank_end] contingency/[blank_start]punishment[blank_end] = response [blank_start]prevents[blank_end] [blank_start]appetitive[blank_end] stimulus = [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] behavior
3. sometimes called [blank_start]DRO[blank_end] = withdraw [blank_start]other reinforcers[blank_end]- Ainstrumental
- Bnegative
- Cpunishment
- Dprevents
- Eappetitive
- Fdecrease
- GDRO
- Hother reinforcers
13What is the response/reinforcer contingency?
1. [blank_start]predictive[blank_end] relationship between [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] (response) and [blank_start]environmental event[blank_end] (reinforcer)
2. extent to which [blank_start]reinforcer[blank_end] depends on [blank_start]prior occurence[blank_end] of [blank_start]response[blank_end]- Apredictive
- Bbehavior
- Cenvironmental event
- Dreinforcer
- Eprior occurence
- Fresponse
14What is the theory of belongingness?
1. Proposed by [blank_start]thorndike[blank_end] as [blank_start]biological constraint[blank_end] on [blank_start]instrumental[blank_end] conditioning
2. certain [blank_start]responses[blank_end] naturally belong with certain [blank_start]reinforcers[blank_end] because of [blank_start]evolutionary history[blank_end]
3. example: [blank_start]cats[blank_end] easier to train to manipulate [blank_start]environmental object[blank_end] to [blank_start]escape maze[blank_end] than [blank_start]yawn/scratch[blank_end]
4. example: [blank_start]stickleback fish[blank_end] easier to train to [blank_start]bite stick[blank_end] to get to [blank_start]fight males[blank_end] than to [blank_start]mate females[blank_end]- Athorndike
- Bbiological constraint
- Cinstrumental
- Dresponses
- Ereinforcers
- Fevolutionary history
- Gcats
- Henvironmental object
- Iescape maze
- Jyawn/scratch
- Kstickleback fish
- Lbite stick
- Mfight males
- Nmate females
15How is instinctive drift a biological constraint on instrumental conditoning?
1. Proposed = [blank_start]extra[blank_end] behaviors developed with [blank_start]food[blank_end] reinforcement [blank_start]instinctively[blank_end] performed with [blank_start]food[blank_end] = innate [blank_start]food[blank_end] response strong, compete with [blank_start]conditioning[blank_end]
2. actually = [blank_start]interference[blank_end] by [blank_start]classical[blank_end] conditioning, due to [blank_start]stimulus substitution[blank_end]
3. example: [blank_start]racoons[blank_end] [blank_start]rubbed coins[blank_end] together, [blank_start]pigs[blank_end] [blank_start]rooted[blank_end] = dramatic [blank_start]behavioral change[blank_end] over experiment- Aextra
- Bfood
- Cinstinctively
- Dfood
- Efood
- Fconditioning
- Ginterference
- Hclassical
- Istimulus substitution
- Jraccoons
- Krubbed coins
- Lpigs
- Mrooted
- Nbehavioral change
16How does motivational state factor into instrumental conditioning?
1. [blank_start]Food[blank_end] reinforcement more [blank_start]effective[blank_end] for some [blank_start]behaviors[blank_end] than others
2. [blank_start]food deprivation[blank_end] = [blank_start]low[blank_end] probability of [blank_start]self-care[blank_end], [blank_start]high[blank_end] probability of [blank_start]environment-directed[blank_end] activities- AFood
- Beffective
- Cbehaviors
- Dfood deprivation
- Elow
- Fself-care
- Ghigh
- Henvironment-directed
17What are the three types of reinforcers?
1. [blank_start]primary[blank_end] = [blank_start]biologically[blank_end] relevant stimuli
2. [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] = learned [blank_start]association[blank_end] with [blank_start]primary[blank_end] reinforcers
3. [blank_start]social[blank_end] = [blank_start]social interaction[blank_end] with same species- Aprimary
- Bbiologically
- Csecondary
- Dassociation
- Eprimary
- Fsocial
- Gsocial interaction
18What is behavioral contrast?
1. [blank_start]quality[blank_end]/[blank_start]quantity[blank_end] of reinforcer shapes [blank_start]behavioral effect[blank_end], based on [blank_start]reward history[blank_end] and [blank_start]expectation[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]positive[blank_end] = [blank_start]favorable[blank_end] reward looks [blank_start]good[blank_end] in contrast to previous [blank_start]worse[blank_end] reward
3. [blank_start]negative[blank_end] = respond [blank_start]less[blank_end] to [blank_start]worse[blank_end] reward if previously experienced [blank_start]better[blank_end] reward compared to those with [blank_start]no experience[blank_end]
4. explanations = [blank_start]emotion reactions[blank_end], [blank_start]frustration[blank_end] for [blank_start]negative[blank_end] behavioral contrast- Aquality
- Bquantity
- Cbehavioral effect
- Dreward history
- Eexpectation
- Fpositive
- Gnegative
- Hfavorable
- Igood
- Jworse
- Kless
- Lworse
- Mbetter
- Nno experience
- Oemotional reactions
- Pfrustration
- Qnegative
19What is temporal contiguity?
1. [blank_start]Reinforcer[blank_end] present [blank_start]immediately after[blank_end] [blank_start]response[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]best[blank_end] learning, [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] with [blank_start]delay[blank_end]- AReinforcer
- Bimmediately after
- Cresponse
- Dbest
- Edecreases
- Fdelay
20How did skinner explain superstitious behavior?
1. [blank_start]condition behavior[blank_end] in absense of [blank_start]positive contingency[blank_end] on [blank_start]FI[blank_end] schedule of reinforcement
2. [blank_start]adventitious[blank_end] reinforcement = condition response [blank_start]just prior[blank_end] to reinforcer- Apositive contingency
- BFI
- Ccondition behavior
- Dadventitious
- Ejust prior
21What is continous reinforcement?
1. Reinforce [blank_start]every response[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]steady[blank_end]/[blank_start]moderate[blank_end] rate
3. fastest [blank_start]extinction[blank_end]- Asteady
- Bmoderate
- Cextinction
- Devery response
22What are ratio schedules?
1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce after [blank_start]number of responses[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]higher[blank_end] rate of response- Apartial
- Bnumber of responses
- Chigher
23What is a fixed ratio schedule?
1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce after [blank_start]set number of responses[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]post-reinforcement pause[blank_end] followed by [blank_start]ratio run[blank_end] ([blank_start]high[blank_end]/[blank_start]steady[blank_end] rate) = alter pause by [blank_start]lengthening ratio[blank_end]
3. highly [blank_start]predictable[blank_end]- Apartial
- Bset number of responses
- Cpost-reinforcement pause
- Dratio run
- Ehigh
- Fsteady
- Glengthening ratio
- Hpredictable
24What is a variable ratio schedule?
1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce after [blank_start]varying[blank_end] amount of [blank_start]responses[blank_end]
2. not [blank_start]predictable[blank_end] = respond at [blank_start]steady[blank_end] rate until [blank_start]reward[blank_end]
3. most difficult to [blank_start]extinguish[blank_end]- Apartial
- Bvarying
- Cresponses
- Dpredictable
- Esteady
- Freward
- Gextinguish
25What are interval schedules?
1. [blank_start]Partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforcer after certain amount of [blank_start]time[blank_end]- APartial
- Btime
26What is a fixed interval schedule?
1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforce if behavior occurs [blank_start]after[blank_end] [blank_start]set[blank_end] amount of [blank_start]time[blank_end]
2. scallop shaped = low rate of behavior after reinforcement, high rater prior to reinforcement- Apartial
- Bset
- Ctime
- Dafter
27What is a variable interval schedule?
1. [blank_start]partial[blank_end] reinforcement = reinforced if behavior occurs [blank_start]after[blank_end] [blank_start]changing[blank_end] amount of [blank_start]time after reinforcer[blank_end]
2. rate = [blank_start]steady[blank_end]/[blank_start]stable[blank_end] without [blank_start]pause[blank_end]- Apartial
- Bafter
- Cchanging
- Dtime after reinforcer
- Esteady
- Fstable
- Gpause
28What are differential reinforcement schedules?
1. differential reinforcement of [blank_start]low rates[blank_end] = reinforce only if responses [blank_start]separated by time interval[blank_end] = based on [blank_start]responses[blank_end], not [blank_start]prior reinforcement[blank_end] = [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] behavior
2. differential reinforcement of [blank_start]high rates[blank_end] = reinforce if [blank_start]less than[blank_end] certain amount of [blank_start]time[blank_end] since last [blank_start]behavior[blank_end]
3. differential reinforcement of [blank_start]other behavior[blank_end] = reward if [blank_start]period elapses[blank_end] without performing [blank_start]specific behavior[blank_end], but reinforce [blank_start]other behaviors[blank_end]- Alow rates
- Bseparated by time interval
- Cresponses
- Dprior reinforcement
- Edecrease
- Fhigh rates
- Gless than
- Htime
- Ibehavior
- Jother behavior
- Kperiod elapses
- Lspecific behavior
- Mother behaviors
29What is the partial reinforcement effect?
1. [blank_start]variable ratio[blank_end] schedule of reinforcement most difficult to [blank_start]extinguish[blank_end]
2. the lower the [blank_start]percentage of reinforcement[blank_end], the [blank_start]longer[blank_end] subjects continue responding
3. subjects have [blank_start]difficulty judging[blank_end] possibility of further [blank_start]reinforcement[blank_end]- Avariable ratio
- Bextinguish
- Cpercentage of reinforcement
- Dlonger
- Edifficulty judging
- Freinforcement
30What is extinction?
1. when previously [blank_start]reinforced behaviors[blank_end] are no longer [blank_start]reinforced[blank_end]
2. initial [blank_start]high response[blank_end] ([blank_start]escalation[blank_end]) -> [blank_start]stop[blank_end] ([blank_start]extinction burst[blank_end])
3. shows [blank_start]spontaneous recovery[blank_end]- Areinforced behaviors
- Breinforced
- Cescalation
- Dhigh response
- Estop
- Fextinction burst
- Gspontaneous recovery
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- Description
- Quiz on Instrumental Conditioning, created by Taylor Falcone on 19/03/2021.
- Author
- Taylor Falcone
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- English
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