Quiz
Physiology cycle 3
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Questions in this quiz (93)
1Which of the following statements are fundamental assumptions of the theory of ECG created by Wilhelm Einthoven
- AElectrical activity can be expressed in form of electrical dipole.
- BLimb leads are located at vertices of equilateral triangle. Direction and amplitude of waves are related to projections of cardiac vector on planes of limb leads
- CWave of depolarization of the interventricular septum begins usually under endocardium of the left ventricle (maybe right, maybe wrong = was not marked)
- DHeart is located in conductive volume, which is a medium distributing changes of electrical field
- EECG is the gold standard for the diagnostics of cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial infarction
- FP wave represents atrial depolarization spreading from right to left and downward toward to atrioventricular junction
2 In unipolar chest leads
- ALead V1 is located in the 4'th intercostal space on right side of the sternum.
- BLead V5 is located in the 5`th intercostal space in left midaxillary line.
- CLead V2 is located in the 2nd intercostal space on left side of the sternum
- DLead V4 is located in the 5`th intercostal space in left midclavicular line.
- ELead V1 is loacated in 5th intercostal space in left midclavicular line
- FLead V5 is located in 5th intercostal space in left anterior axillary line.
3!! What's FALSE about electrocardiogram:
- AThe angle of the cardiac vector rapidly shifting to the right (right axis deviation—RAD)might suggest increased cardiac performance (cardiac work) of the right ventricle generated, for instance, in response to the pulmonary embolism.
- BS wave is positive in chest leads located over the left ventricle (V5, V6).
- CStandard QRS complex recorded by chests leads VI, V2 characterize with small positive R waves and deep S waves.
- DAmplitude of the R wave can reach 2,6 mV (26mm; 10mm—1mV) in V1 chest lead.
- EQ wave supposed to be positive in chest lead located over left ventricle V5- V6 - negative
- FRight side deviation may suggest increased workload of the right ventricle is effect of pulmonary embolism
4Identify right statements concerning the ventricular complex of waves of the normal electrocardiogram:
- Aduration of the QRS complex ranges 0.06 – 0.1 sec.
- Bamplitude of the R wave in precordial V6 lead should not exceed 10mV.
- Cthe main wave of the ventricular complex is T wave – negative in bipolar limb leads.
- DQ wave should not be recorded in normal precordial V1 and V2.
- EQ waves results from depolarization of intraventricular septum
- FR waves results from ventricular repolarization
- GQRS complex in the aVR is mainly positive because an electrode of this lead is located closer to the apex of heart.
5 Characteristic features of sinus rhythm are NOT TRUE:
- ADuration of PQ interval ranges from 0,1 to 0,2 sec
- BDuration of QRS interval ranges from 0,06 to 0,1 sec
- CP wave must be positive in aVR
- DP wave must be positive in I, II bipolar leads, aVF
- Eeach QRS complex is preceded by a P wave.
- FAmplitude of the P wave should not exceed 5 mm.
- GP wave must be negative in aVR.
6Characteristic features of the sinus rhythm are:
- ADuration of PQ interval ranges 0.1 -0.2 sec.
- BDuration of PQ interval ranges 0.06 - 0.1 sec.
- CP wave is positive in aVR.
- DP wave is positive in I, II bipolar leads, aVF
- EEach QRS complex is preceded by P wave.
- FP wave is flat in aVR.
7Characteristic features of the sinus rhythm are:
- APQ interval should not be longer than 0.1 sec.
- BPQ interval should not be shorter than 0.1 sec
- CP wave must be positive in lead I, II bipolar leads and aVF.
- DDuration of QRS complex is 0.06 - 0.1 sec.
- EAmplitude of the wave should not exceed 2.5 mm in limb leads
- FP wave must be negative in aVR
- GV2-6 unipolar lead;negative in aVR; flat in aVL; positive or biphasic (+/-) in V1 (was marked yellow)
8Which of the following statements concerning QRS complex are right?
- ADepth of the Q wave should not exceed 25% of the amplitude of the R wave of chest leads recorded over left ventricle.
- BAmplitude of R wave should not exceed 12mm in chest leads.
- CAmplitude of the R wave can be higher than 12mm in chest lead VI.
- DDuration of the Q wave usually equals 8 mm (proper speed 50mm/s)
- EQT represents Ventricular de-and repolarization, it takes approximately 0,4 sec.
- FQ wave reflects depolarization distributing from the left to the right side of the interventricular septum.
9Which of the following statements concerning QRS complex are right?
- ADuration of the QRS complex ranges 0.06 -0.1 sec.
- BDuration of the Q wave ranges 0.06 - 0.1 sec.
- CQ wave should NOT be recorded (should be absent) in chest leads V1 and V2 of the normal ECG.
- DDepolarization of the interventricular septum is initiated by the right bundle branch, distributing impulses directly to the right-upper part of the septum.
- EQ wave should not be longer than 22 mm at paper speed of 50 mm/sec.
- FQT interval reflects action potential of the entire ventricular musculature. It is a measure of the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the ST segment
10Identify right statements concerning P waves of ECG:
- AIt is produced by the atrial depolarization.
- BIt is generated along with a sound of closure of the atrioventricular valves.
- CDuration of the normal P Wave ranges 0.04 -0.11 sec
- DIt is a positive deflection of I, II and AVF leads.
- EIt is usually generated by the atrioventricular node of the intrinsic conduction system of heat
- Fit is generated due to the atrial contraction.
11Identify right statements concerning P waves of ECG:
- Ait is generated along with sound of opening of semilunar valves.
- BRepresents repolarization of ventricles
- CRepresent depolarization of atria
- DIs a positive deflection in leads I, II.
- EIs a negative deflection in lead aVR
- FIs a positive deflection in lead aVR
12Identify right statement concerning T wave of ECG:
- AIt is produced by ventricular repolarization.
- BDuration of the T wave is 0.1 sec.
- CVentricular relaxation develops after T wave.
- DVentricular depolarization finishes after T wave.
- EAmplitude of the T wave should NOT exceed 6 mm in limb leads
- Fduration of the T wave range 0.12 – 0.16 sec.
13Identify right statement concerning T wave of ECG:
- Aduration of the T wave range 0.18 – 0.40 sec.
- BT wave is a negative deflection in aVR.
- CT wave represent early ventricular repolarization
- DT wave last for 0.12 - 0.16 sec
- Eit is supposed to be positive in limb leads I, II and negative in aVR
- Fventricular cardiomyocytes begin refractory period at the beginning of the T wave
14Which of following statements concerning PQ interval are right?
- AIt includes P wave and PQ segment.
- BAtrial depolarization occurs in time of the PQ segment.
- CIt equals to the time of passage of the impulse via atrioventricular node.
- DIn time of the PQ interval impulse generated in SA node reaches ventricular musculature.
- EDuration of the PQ interval ranges 0.12 - 0.20 sec.
15Which of following statements concerning PQ interval are right?
- ABegins with depolarization of the SA node.
- BFinishes with depolarization of the AV node
- CFinishes with depolarization of purkinje system.
- DShould last 0.06 sec.
- Eit includes P wave and PQ interval.
16Which of following statements concerning PQ interval are right?
- Ait is a fragment of the isoelectrical line (flat line) following negative P wave in aVR
- Bit is an isoelectric line separating P wave from the ventricular complex.
- Cduration of the PQ segment ranges 0,04 – 0,10 sec.
- DPQ segment ranges 0.1 - 0.2 sec.
- EIt is proportionate to the heart rate (the higher the rate - the longer the segment)
17Identify right statements concerning recording of the aVR lead:
- ADuration of the PQ interval ranges 0.06 - 0.12 sec in aVR.
- BWaves P and R should be negative in aVR.
- CaVR is a unipolar limb lead attached to the right arm.
- DThe amplitude of the P wave should NOT be greater than 3 mm in chest leads.
18Identify right statements concerning recording of the aVR lead:
- AaVR is a unipolar limb lead measuring cardiac voltages on the left arm.
- BP wave is negative in aVR.
- CDuration of the P wave ranges 0.04 – 0.11 sec.
- DDuration of the QRS complex ranges 0.04 – 0.11 sec.
19Find correct sentences concerning intrinsic conduction system of heart.
- ASA node fires action potentials with frequency of 60-90 minutes.
- BAV node synapses directly to the contractile cardiomyocyte of the inter (Was not marked right or wrong)
- CAv node characterizes with low velocity of conductance.
- DAV node is a source of the natural cardiac rhythm.
- EA bundle of His is responsible for proper spreading of the depolarization rhythm to ventricle
20What phenomena will be observed in effect atrial fibrillation (lack of synchronous electrical mechanical action of atria):
- AResting heart rate will decelerate to 30/min.
- BThe level of the preload will increase.
- CDefinite atrioventricular block will develop
- DP-waves will look normal but PQ-interval will prolong over 0,2 sec.
- ERespiratory ecg irregularity will be recorded.
- FThere will be no relation between recorded P-waves and QRS
- Gthere will be no C wave in jugular venous pulse.
21Which statements are related to preload phenomenon?
- AIt controls cardiac output in response to changes of the venous return.
- BSV is the clinical representation of preload.
- CFrank Starling mechanism maintains an exact matching between the stroke volume and the venous return.
- DIt is related to the sarcomer length and the end of systole.
- EStretching of the sarcomere maximises the number of actin-myosin bridges responsible for development of force.
22Description of the ventricular complex of ECG in lead I - Q wave, no S wave, R wave 10 mm, in lead III no Q wave, R wave 1 mm, S wave-18 mm. What's your opinion about the electrical cardiac axis.
- Aa) It's right axis deviation (RAD). The angle is - 150 degrees
- Bb) It's normal axis. The angle is about 0 degrees
- Cc) It's left axis deviation (LAD). The angle is about -60 degrees.
- Dd) Amplitude of the R wave should not exceed 7 mm in limb lead I
- Ee) Amplitude of R wave in limb lead I and III shouldn’t be higher than 20 mm
23Description of the ventricular complex of ECG in lead I - Q wave, no S wave, R wave 10 mm, in lead III no Q wave, R wave 1 mm, S wave-18 mm. What's your opinion about the electrical cardiac axis.
- Aa) Its RAD. The angle is +150 degrees.
- Bb) Its LAD. The angle is -30 degrees.
- Cc) Its normal axis. The angle is +60 degrees.
- Dd) Amplitude of the R in limb lead I and III can reach even 20mm.
24Which of sentences properly concern left axis deviation (LAD) of the electrical cardiac axis?
- Aa) Electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies between 0 and +90 in LAD (between 0 and -90 degrees)
- Bb) LAD is reflected by QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in lead III.
- Cc) Electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies between +90 and +180 in LAD
- Dd) Common causes of LAD is overload of the left ventricle secondary to conditions such as aortic stenosis and hypertension.
25Identify right phenomena developed in the cardiovascular system in response to decompression of baroreceptors:
- Aa) Neurogenic tension increases within small and large systemic veins.
- Bb) MAP decreases.
- Cc) Contractility of cardiac ventricles is up-regulated.
- Dd) Venous return decreases. increases
- EIn cardiovascular center NTS inhibits CVLM by projecting GABA-ergic axons.
26Identify right phenomena developed in the cardiovascular system in response to decompression of baroreceptors:
- Aa) Decompression of baroreceptors can occur in effect of uprising.
- Bb) Decompression of baroreceptors increases the tone of the sympathetic system.
- Cc) Decompression of baroreceptors is produced by use of the mean arterial pressure (MAP).
- Dd) Decompression of baroreceptors produces bradycardia (decreases heart rate).
- Ee) Decompression of baroreceptors leads to deactivation of the depressor zone (CVLM)
27Identify right phenomena developed in the cardiovascular system in response to decompression of baroreceptors:
- Aa) Decompression of baroreceptors is produces by reduction of the arterial pressure
- Bb) Decompression of baroreceptors leads to deactivation of the pressor zone (RVLM)
- Cc) In cardiovascular center nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) activates CVLM ???
28Identify right statements concerning cardiovascular reflexes changing activity of heart:
- Aa) In Bezold-Jarish reflex rise of the transmural pressure in arch of aorta stimulates baroreceptors. In effect of such stimulation cardiac inotropism is up-regulated.
- Bb) In Goltz reflex parasympathetic stimulation is able to down-regulate cardiac chronotropism
- Cc) the cardiac component of the bainbridge reflex increases contractility and the heart rate, facilitating shifting of blood from atria into ventricles and then arteries
- Dd) Aortic and carotid baroreceptors don’t respond to rise of mean arterial pressure (MAP). They respond only to phasic (rapid) changes of the arterial pressure.
29Baroreceptor reflex induces compensation for the mild hemorrhage will cause which of following values to be higher?
- AVenous capacitance
- BTotal peripheral resistance
- CHeart rate
- DEffective filtration pressure
30Factors that NOT stimulate arterial baroreceptors of carotid sinus and arch of aorta are:
- Aa) Hypoxia (low pO2)
- Bb) MAP higher than 50 mmHg
- Cc) Phasic changes of arterial pressure
- Dd) Decompression of baroreceptors
3123. Factors that stimulate arterial Baroreceptors of carotid sinus of arch of aorta are;
- Aa) Hypoxia (low pO2)
- Bb) MAP higher than 50 mmHg
- Cc) Phasic changes of arterial pressure
- Dd) Decompression of baroreceptors
32Identify right statements concerning acustic and mechanical phenomena in heart:
- Aa) Apical impulse (apex beat) Is palpable in 5th left intercostal space, in midclavicular line.
- Bb) The 2nd heart sound is normally splitted during inspiration due to increased tone of the vague nerve.
- Cc) The 2nd heart sound is normally splitted during inspiration due to various gradients of pressure across semilunar valves.
- Dd) Rapid filling phase of the ventricular diastole Is followed by isovolumetric (Isometric)!relaxation!of!ventricles.
33Identify right statements concerning acustic and mechanical phenomena in heart:
- Aa) Tympany sound is heard over the cardiac area during percussion of the chest.
- Bb) The 1st heart sound is splitted during inspiration due to various gradients of pressure across semilunar valves.
- Cc) Diastasis phase of the ventricular diastole is followed by atrial systole (contraction)
- Dd) Resonance sound is heard over the cardiac area when percussion of the chest is performed.
- Ee) Percussion over the cardiac area should give a dull sound
34Which statements concerning auscultation are right:
- Aa) Closure of the mitral valva is best heard in the fifth left intercostal space, in midclavicular line.
- Bb) Opening of the mitral valve is best heard in the second right intercostal space,in midclavicular line
- Cc) Closure of the aortic valve is best heard in the second right intercostal space at the sternal border.
- Dd) Closure of pulmonic valve is best heard at the forth right intercostal space at the sternal border.
35Identify right phenomena observed in effect of deep inspiration of air:
- Aa) CVP falls
- Bb) MAP decreases
- Cc) Heart rate decreases
- Dd) MAP increases
- Ee) Venous return increases
- Ff) Heart rate increases
36Which of following phenomena concerning atrial excitation and contraction are true:
- Aa) Semilunar valves opens right after atrial contraction.
- Bb) P wave of the ECG recording is generated right before atrial contraction.
- Cc) End-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of ventricles right after atrial contraction.
- Dd) The second cardiac sound is generated right before atrial contraction.
- Ee) Depolarization develops primarily within left and then right atrium.
37Identify phenomena related to Isovolumetric relaxation of left ventricle:
- Aa) It begins with S2 sound
- Bb) EDV of blood is reached in this phase
- Cc) Semilunar valves open
- Dd) pressure in right ventricle decrease reaching level of CVP
38Isovolumetric relaxation.
- Aa) pressure in ventricle decrease
- Bb) pressure in ventricle increase
- Cc) AV and seminular valves are opened
- Dd) AV and seminular valves are closed
39Which of following sentences correctly describe the stage of isovolumetric contraction of ventricles:
- Aa) Ventricular pressure rises to the level of diastolic arterial pressure during that stage.
- Bb) Ventricular pressure decreases.
- Cc) Atrioventricular valves are closed while semilunar valves are opened.
- Dd) The stage begins with closure of atrioventricular valves, finishes with opening of semilunar valves.
- Ee) The stage begins with closure of semilunar valves, finishes with opening of atrioventricular valves.
40What will occur to cardiovascular system in effect of sympathetic stimulation developed in effect of up-rising:
- Aa) Venous return will increase.
- Bb) Compliance of central veins will increase.
- Cc) Diastolic arterial pressure will increase.
- Dd) Filtration of plasma in capillaries will increase.
41Identify phenomena produced by activation of the LEFT vagus nerve in heart:
- Aa) Negative dromotropic effect is observed.
- Bb) Vagus nerve increases conduction velocity of impulses via the atrio-ventricular node.
- Cc) Prepotential of the pacemaker cell of the SA node develops slowly and less dynamically.
- Dd) Duration of the PQ interval is prolonged.
42Find right concerning cardiac cycle:
- Aa) Isovolumetric relaxation begins after generation of cardiac sounds S2.
- Bb) Volume of the ventricle decreases right after opening of the atrioventricular valve.
- Cc) Semilunar valves open at the end isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.
- Dd) Pressure recorded at the end of isovolumetric ventricular contraction equal diastolic pressure in aorta.
43Which statements concerning the influence of the vagus nerve on hearth are right:
- Aa) Right Vagus nerve innervates SA node
- Bb) Left vagus nerve innervates left ventricle.
- Cc) Left vagus nerve innervates SA node
- Dd) Ventricles of heart are not innervated by parasympathetic branches. (Tey hava markerað hetta sum rætt, men eg meini hetta er feil)
44Which statements are right:
- Aa) secondary waves of arterial pressure reflect changes of pressure in chest due to ventilation phase.
- Bb) Normal MAP in aorta is 120 mmHg
- Cc) MAP= BP systolic+1/3 (BpSystolic – BP diastolic)
- Dd) Proper value of the arterial pressure in aorta is 160/95 mmHg.
- Ee) Primary waves of arterial pressure reflect phases of the cardiac cycle.
45Which statements are right:
- Aa) The musculature of ventricles is connected to musculature of atria only through bundle of his.
- Bb) Cardiac cycle is the sequence of electrical and mechanical events that repeats every heartbeat.
- Cc) EDV is observed in ventricles during isovolumetric relaxation.
46Which statements are right:
- Aa) EDV is the volume of blood left in ventricles after systole
- Bb) EDV is observed in ventricles during isovolumetric contraction.
- Cc) ESV is the volume of blood left in ventricles after ventricular ejection - after systole.
47Which of following sentences correctly describe the second heart sound (S2)?
- Aa) The frequency of the sound is lower than of S1 and ranges 65-200 Hz.
- Bb) Duration equals to 0,12 seconds.
- Cc) It is best audible in 5th left intercostal space in mid clavicular line.
- Dd) It can be split during deep inspiration.
- Ee) Is best heard in second intercostal space on both sides of the sternum
48Which of following sentences correctly describe the second heart sound (S2)?
- Aa) Its duration is shorter than S1
- Bb) Its frequency is 2000 Hz which is lower than that of S1
- Cc) its duration is longer than of S1.
- Dd) its frequency is higher than of S1.
- Ee) it is produced by closure of atrioventricular valve.
49Identify right statements concerning the first cardiac sound / Identify right statements concerning systolic sound (S1 sound).
- Aa) it is best heard over the area of the apical impulse.
- Bb) lasts for 0.15 sec.
- Cc) it frequency is 250-450 Hz.
- Dd) It is produced by closure of semilunar valves.
- Ee) It is well audible over the area of the (apex beat) apical impulse.
- Ff) It is longer and lower than the sound generated by semilunar valves.
- Gg) It frequency is 25-45 Hz
50Which statements concerning the orthostatic test are improper?
- Aa) Orthostatic test states cardiovascular adaptations produced by change of the body position from upright into recumbent.
- Bb) In result of the orthostatic test, vascular peripheral resistance should rise.
- Cc) In result of the orthostatic test, cardiac chronotropism should be down-regulated.
- Dd) In result of the orthostatic test, both systolic and diastolic arterial pressure should be elevated.
- Ee) In result of the orthostatic test, pulse pressure (systolic-diastolic amplitude) should be reduced.
- Ff) In result of the orthostatic test, cardiac chronotropism should be up-regulated
51Decrease of systolic pressure will occur in effect of:
- Aa) Blockage of voltage gated calcium channel of cardiomyocytes (DHP receptor)
- Bb) Decreased conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
- Cc) Binding adrenergic agonists to ß1 adrenergic receptor. - this will increase systolic pressure
- Dd) Binding of angiotensin II to AT1 Receptor - this will increase systolic pressure because it elevated the ca
52Peripheral chemoreceptors of aortic and carotid bodies:
- Aa) are equipped in oxygen sensitive sodium channels
- Bb) Inhibit RVLM and nuclei of the vagus nerve.
- Cc) Can facilitate bradycardia in case of apnoe
- Dd) Respond mainly to hypoxia
- Ee) they sense partial pressure of oxygen in plasma in blood
- Ff) they depolarize in effect of hypoxia.
53Proper values of pressure forming Starling forces in standard capillary are:
- Aa) Hydrostatic pressure in arteriolar end of capillary of 45 mmHg
- Bb) Colloid osmotic pressure of the intestinal fluid surrounding capillary of 33 mmHg
- Cc) Colloid osmotic pressure in lumen of capillary of 35 mmHg
- Dd) EFP in arteriolar end of capillary of 25 mmHg
- Ee) Colloid-osmotic pressure in lumen capillary of 25 mmHg
- Ff) EFP in arteriolar end of capillary of 7 mmHg
- Gg) Hydrostatic pressure at arteriolar end of standard capillary of 50 mmHg.
54Identify right statements concerning Jugular venous Pressure/pulse:
- Aa) It depends on activity of RVLM
- Bb) JVP is the highest during the maximal ejection of blood
- Cc) “c”wave of the JVP results from elevation of pressure produced by closure of the right semilunar valves
- Dd) it depends on respiratory phases and intrathoracic pressure
- Ee) It rises in effect of activation of RVLM.
- Ff) JVP is the highest during ejection of blood from the right ventricle.
- Gg) Wave *C* of the JVP results from elevation of pressure by closure of tricuspid valve.
55Identify right statements concerning Jugular venous Pressure/pulse:
- Aa) jugular venous pulse reflects changes of pressure in left atrium of heart.
- Bb) venous pulses can be easily observed over large central arteries such as superior vena cava.
- Cc) waves of jugular venous pulse spread retrogradely in relation to the venous blood.
- Dd) wave a* of the jugular pulse is produced by atrial contraction.
- Ee) Narrowing (stenosis) of the tricuspid valve will rise an amplitude of the "a" wave of jugular venous pulse.
- Ff) Wave "c" of the jugular venous pulse develops due temporary bulging of the mitral valve.
- Gg) Venous pulse can be easily observed over large central veins such as superior and inferior vena cava.
56Identify right statements concerning central venous pressure (CVP):
- Aa) CVP is proportionate to the volume of the venous return.
- Bb) CVP decreases in effect of Valsalva maneuver (forced exhalation).
- Cc) CVP decreases in mitral stenosis (reduced diameter of the right atrioventricular valve).
- Dd) CVP rises to 10 mmHg during ventricular ejection of ventricles because of bulging of the tricuspid valve into the right atrium.
- Ee) CVP rises in hypervolemia
57Which of following phenomena coincide (occur at the same time):
- Aa) Wave "x" of the JVP.
- Bb) Closure of atrioventricular valves.
- Cc) Ejection of blood from both ventricles.
- Dd) Stretch of atria in time of ventricular ejection phase.
- Ee) First heart sound.
58Patient admitted to the hospital because of chest pain was done ECG, ultrasound and blood test for myocardial infarction (MI). There was no evidence of MI, but ECG and ultrasound revealed thickening of the left ventricular muscle and narrowing of the aortic valve. What has happened to the tension of the ventricular wall? What is, in your opinion, the proper strategy for treatment?
- Aa) Tension of ventricular wall has increased in effect of observed pathology
- Bb) Tension of ventricular wall has decreased in effect of observed pathology
- Cc) Tension on ventricular wall has not changed
- Dd) Medications supposed to reduce the afterload
- Ee) Medications supposed to reduce the preload
- Ff) Medications supposed to reduce contractility
59Continuation of the previous Question. Which of the following is the best measure in effectiveness of medication in above mentioned situation?
- Aa) Left-ventricular EDV
- Bb) Left ventricular mean systolic pressure
- Cc) mean arterial blood pressure
- Dd) Total peripheral resistance
60In patient after cardiac transplantation. SV may increase during exercise in effect of which of following mechanisms:
- Aa) An increase in venous compliance.
- Bb) An increase in arterial blood pressure.
- Cc) An increase in total peripheral resistance.
- Dd) A decrease in venous compliance rising venous return
61In patient after cardiac transplantation. SV may increase during exercise in effect of which of following mechanisms:
- Aa) A decrease in venous compliance
- Bb) A decrease in myocardial contractility.
- Cc) Positive inotropic effect of circulating catecholamines
- Dd) exitation of symphatic fibers to ventricular musculature
62During cardiac catheterization of 75 y.o. woman following values were obtained: p02 in pulmonary vein —20 mL of 02/100 mL of blood, p02 in pulmonary artery —12 mL of 02/100 mL of blood, Oxygen consumption 240 mL 02Imin, stroke volume 75 mL. Name the state of the cardiovascular system:
- Aa) Tachycardia
- Bb) Bradycardia
- Cc) Hypertension
- Dd) Hypotension
63The graph below illustrates the pressure/vulume curves for the arterial and venous system. Which of the following is the approximate ratio of the arterial to venous compliance?
- Aa) 18:1
- Bb) 9:1
- Cc) 1:9
- Dd) 1:18
64What is an ejection fractionn percentage, as determined from the left ventricular pressure/volume curve illustrated below. At which of the following points semiunar valves open?
- Aa) 60%
- Bb) 55%
- Cc) 65%
- Dd) 75%
- Ee) They will open at Point A
- Ff) They will open at Point B
- Gg) They will open at Point C
- Hh) They will open at Point D
- Ii) They will open at Point E
65Tonus of precapillary sphincters decreases (sphincters relax) in case of
- Aa) Deficit of O2 (hypoxia) in tissues
- Bb) Acidosis
- Cc) Excess of glucose (hyperglycemia)
- Dd) Deficit of CO2
- Ee) Excess CO2 (hypercapnia)
66Various reactions of cardiovascular system to physical exercise can be diagnosed by Martinette test. Indicate the correct statement describing possible reactions to the Martinette test?
- Aa) Astenic reaction is the evidence of disturbances in neural regulation of the vascular tone
- Bb) Hypertonic reaction is a moderate increase of the systolic pressure and dramatic decrease of diastolic pressure
- Cc) In normotonic reaction systolic pressure does not change or slightly decreases.
- Dd) Dystonic reaction is characterized by dramatic increase of the heart rate and slight increase of both pressures.
- Ee) Increased tone of resistance vessels and sympathetic system provides symptoms typical of hypertonic reaction.
67Find WRONG expressions concerning phase 2 (plateau phase) of action potential of contractile cardiomyocytes:
- Aa) Cardiomyocytes develop the relative refractory period by the end of that phase.
- Bb) Sodium channel stays inactive in this phase.
- Cc) Muscarinic receptor of contractile cardiomyocytes is opened in this phase. (Not sure if right or wrong)
- Dd) Influx of calcium and outflow of potassium is observed during this phase. yes
- Ee) Plateau phase is the most characteristic feature of the pacemaker potential (prepotential).
68Identify right statements concerning phase 2 of the plateau potential of the contractile cardiomyocyte:
- Aa) Na+ channel is opened for all the time of the phase.
- Bb) cardiomyocytes are in the absolute refractory period.
- Cc) nicotinic receptor for contractile cardiomyocytes is opened in this phase. (not sure if right or wrong)
- Dd) influx of calcium and outflow of potassium is observed during this phase.
- Ee) plateau phase is the most characteristic feature of the pacemaker potential.
69In healthy clients diastolic pressure depends on: (not sure what is right, so everything is marked as such)
- Aa) Heart rate; the higher the heart rate - the higher diastolic pressure.
- Bb) Peripheral vascular resistance; the higher the resistance - the lower the diastolic pressure.
- Cc) Stroke volume; the higher the stroke volume - the higher the diastolic pressure.
- Dd) Volume of blood in vascular system; the higher the volume of blood – the higher the diastolic pressure.
70Identify proper expression concerning Bainbridge reflex
- Aa) The stimulus is the atrial stretch produced by increased venous return
- Bb) Heart rate is down regulated (slowed).
- Cc) It helps to adapt the heart to increased volume of the venous return during physical exercise.
- Dd) Effector tissue of the reflex is atrial musculature especially sinoatrial node. (not sure if right or wrong)
71Bainbridge reflex occurs in response to:
- Aa) Mechanical strech of the SA node area.
- Bb) Increased activity of mechanoreceptor of the right atrium
- Cc) Increased venous return.
- Dd) Excessive stretch of the right ventricle
72Peripheral arteries characterize with:
- Aa) Neurogenic tension of resistance vessels.
- Bb) Stable membrane potential equal to -95 mV.
- Cc) Abundant vasoconstrictory innervation mediating effects via muscarinic receptor.
- Dd) Gap junctions joining neighbouring muscle cells.
73Which formulas concerning end diastolic volume (EDV) are correct?
- Aa) EDV = CO + SV + ESV.
- Bb) EF = SV/EDV.
- Cc) EDV = SV + Venous Return
- Dd) EF = SV/(EDV-ESV).
- Ee) EDV = ESV + Venous Return
- Ff) EDV= SV+ESV.
- Gg) EDV= CO+SV
74According to Poiseuille's law: (or According to poiseuille-hagen formula)
- Aa) Resistance of circulation of blood is inversely proportionate to the 4th power of radius of the vessel.
- Bb) Resistance of circulation is inversely proportionate to the blood viscosity.
- Cc) Flow rate of blood is proportionate to the driving pressure.
- Dd) Flow rate of blood is proportionate to length of the vessel.
- Ee) resistance of the blood flow is proportionate to the length of the vessel.
75According to Poiseuille's law: (or According to poiseuille-hagen formula)
- Aa) resistance of the blood flow is inversely proportionate to velocity.
- Bb) the thicker is the vascular wall the higher is the tone of the vessel.
- Cc) Resistance of the blood flow is inversely proportionate to the fourth power of the radius.
- Dd) Resistance of the blood flow is proportiante to the lengt of the vessel.
- Ee) Resistance of the blood flow is inversely proportionate to viscosity.
76Identify right sentences concerning neuromuscular junctions.
- Aa) Its an example of the electrical synapse.
- Bb) The postsynaptic membrane of the junction is rich in voltage gated channels.
- Cc) It is a synapse between the neuron and the visceral smooth muscle cell. (Not sure if right or wrong)
- Dd) Acetylcholine is a mediator in this junction.
- Ee) The release of neurotransmitters requires the influx of Ca2+.
77Find right sentences concerning a sarcomere.
- Aa) it is a basic contractile unit in smooth muscle cells.
- Bb) it is a contractile unit in cardiac muscle cells.
- Cc) an anisotropic band is located in the middle of the sarcomere. (not sure if right or wrong)
- Dd) the myosin filament is attached to the Z-line.
- Ee) does not change its length during contraction.
786. Find true sentences concerning blood vessels.
- Aa) aorta characterizes with high compliance to veins. (not sure if right or wrong)
- Bb) veins contain the largest percentage of blood in the CV system.
- Cc) pressure in systemic veins of the chest follow changes in pressure of right atrium. (not sure if right or wrong)
- Dd) precapillary sphincter, same as aterio-venous shunts characterizes with strong neuro- (not sure if right or wrong) (maybe also missing part of sentence)
- Ee) all capillaries are perfused by blood all the time.
79Similarities between smooth and cardiac muscle cells include:
- Aa) vonluntary nervous counters performed by efferent branches of the somatic nervous system.
- Bb) intracellular effect of beta-adrenergic receptor is mediated by the activation of adenylyl cyclase.
- Cc) role of myocin light chain kinase in muscle contraction.
- Dd) presence of gap junctions enabling fast intracellular contraction.
80Identify phenomena produced by activation of the M2- cholinergic receptor of the cardiomyocyte:
- Aa) negative dromotropic effect is observed. It results from activation of M2-cholinergic receptor of the cells of AV node.
- Bb) activity of the adenylyl cyclase increases. It results with increases concentration of the cAMP.
- Cc) positive chronotropic effect is observed in heart. Heart rate increases.
- Dd) prepotential of the pacemaker cell of the SA node develops slower and less dynamically.
81Cardiac contractility depends on various factors. Indicate the correct statements concerning extrinsic pathway:
- Aa) contractility is increased by catecholamines.
- Bb) contractility is increased by blockers of the voltage-gated calcium channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Cc) contractility is increased by blockers of the cardiac Na/K ATPase which rise intracellular concentrations.
- Dd) contractility is increased by stimulation of the vagus nerve.
82Identify right statements concerning regulation of cardiac performance:
- Aa) according to heterometric regulation ventricular ejection is inversely proportionate to afterload.
- Bb) strength of ventricular contraction is proportional to EDV.
- Cc) antagonists of the calcium pump produce positive inotropic effect to heart.
- Dd) strength of ventricular ejection is proportionate to the heart rate (ranging 0 – 150 bmp)
83What is an ejection fraction percentage, as determined from the left ventricular pressure-volume curve illustrated below. At which of the following points of the curve isovolumetric relaxation will begin:
- Aa) 75%
- Bb) 55%
- Cc) 50%
- Dd) 40%
- Ee) Point A
- Ff) Point B
- Gg) Point D
- Hh) Point E
84In hemodynamic pressure the left ventricle tracing below:
- Isovolumetric relaxation begins at:- Aa) Point A
- Bb) Point B
- Cc) Point C
- Dd) Point D
85In hemodynamic pressure the left ventricle tracing below:
- Semilunar valves open at:- Aa) Point B
- Bb) Point E
- Cc) Point D
- Dd) Point F
86In the phase of ventricular ejection?
- Aa) AV valves open
- Bb) AV valves close producing the second heart sound.
- Cc) Atrial pressure is at maximal
- Dd) Ventricular pressure is lower than pressure in pulmonary trunk and aorta
- Ee) Ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in pulmonary trunk and aorta
87Cardiac contractility depends on various factors. Indicate the correct statement.
- Aa) Contractility is increased by thyroid gland hormones and glucocorticoids.
- Bb) Contractility is increased by hypoclacemia of the extracellular fluid.
- Cc) Contractility is decreased by caffeine and teophilin that inhibits the phosphodiestereases.
- Dd) Contractility is decreased by blockers of the B1-adrenergic receptors as well as blockers of the Ca2+ channel.
- Ee) Contractility is decreased by catecholamines and glucagon.
88Proper values of the arterial pressure (systolic and diastolic) should not be higher than;
- Aa) 160 mmHg
- Bb) 140 mmHg
- Cc) 150 mmHG
- Dd) 170 mmHG
- Ee) 90 mmHg
- Ff) 95 mmHG
- Gg) 100 mmHG
- Hh) 97 mmHG
89Phenomenon of the air-chamber;
- Aa) Equals MAP
- Bb) Represent elasticity of the arterial system.
- Cc) Closes Atrioventricular valves.
- Dd) Maintains continuous blood flow in arterial system, even during diastole of the heart
90An increase of the vessel radius from 1 mm to 2 mm causes the resistance to:
- Aa) Increase 4 times
- Bb) Decrease 8 times
- Cc) Increase 8 times
- Dd) Decrease 16 times
91Cyon-Ludwig reflex;
- Aa) Begins in baroreceptors of arch of aorta
- Bb) Afferent fibers are located in aortic nerve (branch of the vagus nerve)
- Cc) Begins in subendothelial region of the right ventricles
- Dd) Produces reflective elevation of systolic pressure after changing of the body position.
92Which of following substances will relax precapillary sphincters?
- Aa) nitric oxide
- Bb) Raised concentration of lactate
- Cc) adenosine
- Dd) Acetylcholine
93It is necessary to control the tension of the left ventricle during systole to protect it from rupturing. they respond only to
- Aa) Chemoreceptor reflex producing vasoconstriction.
- Bb) Compression of baroreceptors that increase heart rate. - decrease heart rate
- Cc) In Bezolt-Jarisch reflex decreasing afterload.
- Dd) In Bainbridge reflex increasing the cardiac output.
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- Quiz on Physiology cycle 3, created by Tummas Eli Viderø on 14/07/2021.
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- Tummas Eli Viderø
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