Bone and Cartilage

1. 1[blank_start]chondroblasts[blank_end] = produce matrix; undifferentiated cells
   [blank_start]chondrocyte[blank_end] = mature chondroblasts surrounded by matrix
   [blank_start]lacunae[blank_end] = space the cell sits in
   [blank_start]isogenous groups[blank_end] = dividing cartilaginous cell
   [blank_start]perichondrium[blank_end] = denser tissue around cartilage; vascular supply; [blank_start]outer layer[blank_end] = dense connective tissue and fibroblasts; [blank_start]inner layer[blank_end] = chondroblasts
   

   1. Achondroblasts
   2. Bchondrocyte
   3. Clacunae
   4. Disogenous groups
   5. Eperichondrium
   6. Fouter layer
   7. Ginner layer
2. 2[blank_start]histogenesis[blank_end] = growth of tissue - derived from [blank_start]mesenchyme[blank_end] - undifferentiated, condense and become [blank_start]chondroblasts[blank_end]; [blank_start]chondrocytes[blank_end] will form [blank_start]isogenous groups[blank_end].
   
   [blank_start]interstitial growth[blank_end] = mitotic division of chondrocytes - growth plate for long bone; only in cartilage
   
   [blank_start]appositional growth[blank_end] = differentiation of perichondrial cells - growth in girth; bone

   1. Ahistogenesis
   2. Bmesenchyme
   3. Cchondroblasts
   4. Dchondrocytes
   5. Eisogenous groups
   6. Finterstitial growth
   7. Gappositional growth
3. 3ECM:
   fibrils = [blank_start]collagen type I[blank_end]; [blank_start]collagen type II[blank_end]; [blank_start]elastin[blank_end]
   connectors = [blank_start]collagen type IX, X, XI[blank_end]
   ground substance = [blank_start]hyaluronic acid[blank_end] - non-sulphated unit of GAG; [blank_start]GAG[blank_end] - side chains of proteoglycans, hydrophilic, chondroitan sulphate, keratan sulphate; [blank_start]proteoglacans[blank_end]; [blank_start]glycoproteins[blank_end]
   
   

   1. Acollagen type I
   2. Bcollagen type II
   3. Celastin
   4. Dcollagen type IX, X, XI
   5. Ehyaluronic acid
   6. FGAG
   7. Gproteoglacans
   8. Hglycoproteins
4. 4Types of cartilage:
   [blank_start]hyaline[blank_end] = fibrils - collagen type II, ground substance; fetal skeleton, synovial joints, trachea, larynx, nose, epiphyseal plate
   [blank_start]elastic[blank_end] = fibrils - collagen type II, ground substance; external ear, external auditory meatus, auditory tubes, epiglottis
   [blank_start]fibrocartilage[blank_end] = fibers - collagen type I, ground substance; intervertebral discs, tendons and ligaments, symphysis pubis
   
   

   1. Ahyaline
   2. Belastic
   3. Cfibrocartilage
5. 5[blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end] = secrete matrix - not mineralized; type I collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
   [blank_start]osteocyte[blank_end] = mature cell, surrounded by matrix, reside in lacunae, canaliculi is cytoplasmic processes
   [blank_start]osteoclast[blank_end] = reabsorb matrix, mutlinucleated, remodel bone, release building blocks

   1. Aosteoblasts
   2. Bosteocyte
   3. Costeoclast
6. 6[blank_start]osteonectin[blank_end] - promote calcification of the matrix
   [blank_start]periosteum[blank_end] - outer layer - collagen fibers and fibroblasts; inner layer - osteoprogenitor cells
   [blank_start]endosteum[blank_end] - single layer, osteoprogenitor cells, internal cavities of bone

   1. Aosteonectin
   2. Bperiosteum
   3. Cendosteum
7. 7[blank_start]primary bone[blank_end] = random collagen fibers; lower mineral content
   [blank_start]secondary bone[blank_end] = lemellar collagen arrangement; haversian system - osteon

   1. Aprimary bone
   2. Bsecondary bone
8. 8intramembranous ossification:
   primary center of ossification - [blank_start]mesenchymal cells[blank_end] into [blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end]; direct mineralization of matrix
   
   IO Abnormalities:
   [blank_start]Crouzon's Syndrome[blank_end] - cranial synostosis, exophthalmos, short upper lip, mutation in FGF rceptor 2
   [blank_start]Apert Syndrome[blank_end] - facial bones, skull and mid facial abnormalities, syndactyl, mutation in FGF receptor 2

   1. Amesenchymal cells
   2. Bosteoblasts
   3. CCrouzon's Syndrome
   4. DApert Syndrome
9. 9Endochondral Ossification: - [blank_start]long bones[blank_end]
   [blank_start]ossification[blank_end] zone; [blank_start]calcified[blank_end] cartilage zone - osteoclasts, osteoblasts; [blank_start]hypertrophic cartilage[blank_end] zone - bid cells, type X collagen
   
   EO Abnormalities:
   [blank_start]osteogenesis imperfecta[blank_end] - brittle bone, abnormality in type I collagen
   

   1. Along bones
   2. Bossification
   3. Ccalcified
   4. Dhypertrophic cartilage
   5. Eosteogenesis imperfecta
10. 10Joints:
    [blank_start]synotosis[blank_end] - bone united by bone tissue
    [blank_start]synchondroses[blank_end] - [blank_start]primary[blank_end] cartilagenous joints - bone joined by hyaline cartilage
    [blank_start]symphysis[blank_end] - secondary cartilagenous joints - bone joined by fibrocartilage
    [blank_start]syndesmosis[blank_end] - bones connected by interosseous ligament or fibrous membrane
    [blank_start]diarthroses[blank_end] - ligaments and a capsule of connective tissue contact ends of bone

    1. Asynotosis
    2. Bsynchondroses
    3. Cprimary
    4. Dsymphysis
    5. Esyndesmosis
    6. Fdiarthroses

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biology SPOM (Celleular Anatomy) Quiz on Bone and Cartilage, created by Kissa Walker on 28/09/2015.

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Kissa Walker

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