Quiz
Final Exam- Introduction to Evolution 3445
This quiz has question types that open in the usual player.
Questions in this quiz (100)
1Which of the following is correct regarding how the type of selection affects the mean and variance of the trait in the next generation?
- ADisruptive: Mean stays the same; variance decreases
- BDirectional: Mean stays the same but variance increases in one direction.
- CDisruptive: Mean stays the same; variance increases
- DStabilizing: Mean stays the same; variance increases
2Determine whether the following two statements are correct:
Individuals may vary in phenotype, with certain traits leading to a reproductive advantage. However, evolution of those traits happens only when these phenotypic differences are also heritable by the offspring. Thus, if phenotypic differences are due to environmental causes only, and not genotype differences, then the population will not evolve with respect to that phenotype, even if reproductive advantages occur amongst individuals.- ATrue
- BFalse
3The debris of rock and sand ("tailings") of mines often contain such high concentrations of toxic metals (e.g., copper, lead) that most plants are unable to grow on them. However, some hardy species (e.g. certain grasses) are able to spread from the surrounding uncontaminated soil into such areas, as seen in this photo below. These plants that grow on the bare soil evolve resistance to the toxic metals, while their ability to grow on uncontaminated soil decreases. Because grasses are wind pollinated, breeding between the resistant and nonresistant populations continues, but offspring of crosses between the two populations are intermediate and have low fitness. This is an example of which of the following?
- Afrequency-dependent selection
- Bdisruptive selection
- Cdirectional selection
- Dgenetic drift
- Estabilizing selection
4If the heritability of a particular characteristic/trait in a population of a species is low:
- Afew individuals have the trait
- Bthere are no genes that code for the trait
- Cnone of these are correct
- Dmost of the phenotypic variation for the trait in the population is due to environmental differences experienced by individuals, rather than due to genetic variability at the gene(s) for that trait
- Emost of the phenotypic variation for the trait in the population is due to genetic differences among individuals
5Broad sense heritability H2 differs from narrow sense heritability h2 because in broad sense heritability, VG or genetic variation:
- Aincludes additive, dominance, and epistatic effects
- Bincludes only components of variance that cause offspring to resemble their parents
- Cincludes only environmental effects on offspring
- Dincludes only additive effects of alleles
6Considering phenotypic plasticity, a population-level change in the amount or nature of plasticity is considered to be evidence for evolution; however, the plastic changes themselves in a phenotype is not evolution.
- ATrue
- BFalse
7Which of the following is true of QTL association studies:
- AF1 offspring are examined to look for genetic markers linked to phenotypic variation
- Bthey rely on recombination to create a wide range of phenotypic variation
- Cnone of these are correct
- Dthey always pinpoint one specific gene responsible for phenotypic variation
8In the figure shown above, birth weight up to 10 lbs is modeled and compared to 4 week survival, in human infants. Considering the trend lines for males and females, what type of selection is most likely operating here on birth weight?
- Afrequency dependent selection
- Bdisruptive selection
- Cstabilizing or directional selection
- Dnegative frequency dependent selection
9Narrow-sense heritability is defined as the fraction of phenotypic variance that can be attributed to variation in the additive effects of genes.
Below are some different scenarios for the narrow sense heritability of a trait and the selection differential in a population. Which scenario will produce the largest response to selection?
- A#1
- B#2
- C#3
- D#4
10Given the graph above, and assuming that corolla flare is heritable, what type of selection should occur?
- Adirectional selection toward smaller flare
- Bdirectional selection toward larger flare
- Cfrequency-dependent selection
- Dstabilizing selection
- Edisruptive selection
- Adirectional selection toward smaller flare
11In a predator/prey system there is a population of mountain squirrels where some individuals have bright red tails, and others have brown tails, which of the following is/are correct? (check any/all that apply)
- Aprobability of survival and reproduction will be based upon tail color
- Bprobability of survival may or may not be based upon tail color
- Cif predators impose a strong selective disadvantage to the bright red colored tails, it is still quite possible that evolution of the population in this trait may not occur if offspring do not, or weakly, resemble their parents in this trait
- Dtail color likely will not have an influence on survival or reproduction, because predators focus on rump and dorsal color only
12Check any/all of the following that are common to both stabilizing and directional selection:
- Arequire that variation in a character has effects upon survival and/or reproduction
- Blead to intermediate trait values
- Cchange the mean value of a trait in a population
- Drequire variation in phenotypes
- Emay cause populations to evolve
- Fvariation must be at least partially heritable
- Glead to decreases or to increases in the size of a trait
13The genetic changes found in the evolution of maize plants has led to which of the following traits in human dominated landscapes? (check any/all that apply)
- Alarge kernals
- Bmany long branches with starchy kernals
- Cshort stalks
- Dsmall kernals that fall easily off cobs for harvest
- Etall stalks and few branches
14Imagine gene flow in scarlet kingsnake populations continued throughout its range due to maintenance of effective corridors and migration routes between the populations. However, humans then accidentally introduced venemous coral snakes when they escaped from several zoos and started reproducing, building up a substantial coral snake population in remote areas that were once far away from the original overlap in ranges of the two species.
What do you predict would happen in these new areas to the frequency of alleles controlling the colorful coral-snake-like pattern in scarlet kingsnakes as a result of this event and continued natural selection?- AThe frequency of the alleles would decrease in this part of the kingsnake's range
- BThe frequency of the alleles would increase in this part of the kingsnake's range
- CThe frequency of the alleles controlling coral-snake like coloration in kingsnakes would remain the same
- Dit is not possible to predict what would happen based upon prior evidence
15The “refuge” strategy proposed by Tabashnik to reduce the speed of the evolution of Bt resistance relies on:
- Athe fact that Bt resistance is involved in a trade-off
- Bgene flow of insects between refuge crop fields (ordinary plants) and Bt gene crop fields (where plants make their own pesticide
- Chaving areas where pesticides are not applied
- Dhaving only crop areas where pesticides are applied, and no other type of area
- Ehaving areas where pests of the plants experience no selection
16In the evolution of gape width for Australian snakes, cane toads were a selective force in that their toxicity when digested by snakes
- Acaused behavioral adaption, and subsequently gene regulation, which altered expression of joint development of the jaw of small versus large snakes
- Bresulted in more snakes, wth smaller gapes, surviving and reproducing in areas where they consumed cane toads as a substantial portion of their diet
- Cresulted in snake gape evolution outside and inside the region where cane toad infestations had occurred
- Dcaused DNA mutations in genes controlling the joints of the snakes' jaw, allowing the snakes mouth to open wider or less wide
- Ecaused DNA mutations in genes controlling gape width that led to smaller gape widths
17Natural selection has the potential to take place in a population of a species, as long as: (check any/all that apply)
- Aintermediate phenotypes lead to greater survival
- Bextreme phenotypes lead to greater survival
- Cdifferences in traits/phenotypes affect the chances of survival or reproduction
- Dvariation in phenotypic traits are no heritable
- Evariation in phenotypic traits do not exist in the population
18The Grants studied finch evolution over several decades, as they continue to do, mainly on Daphne Major in the Galapagos. Which of the following is the best statement describing or supporting the facts of natural selection that they documented?
- AThe strength of selection on beak size tended not to fluctuate as much as they predicted, over the decades
- BThe strength of selection on beak size, either large or small, was variable because it depended on environmental conditions that variably favored different types of plant food resources.
- CThe strength of selection was quite drastic, causing average beak depth to fluctuate by several mm from year to year based upon food availability
- DThe strength of selection favoring larger beak size gradually and steadily increased over the decades
- EThe strength of selection generally favored smaller beak sizes over the study period
19The graph above depicts mean horn length in cm on the y-axis, in a population of bighorn sheep subjected to human hunting practices. The dots represent mean values from a population, and the standard deviations of those means. What can be concluded? (check any/all that apply
- AIf the population were sampled from 1980 to 1995 only, it would appear that mean horn length was relatively stable, at around 60cm in length
- BOver time, the mean population size is decreasing due to selection is a result of disproportionately hunting the more vulnerable, smaller-horned individuals.
- CHunting pressures grew weaker from 1995 onward, favoring and kiling off less of the large-horned individuals
- DOver time, directional selection is a result of disproportionately hunting the larger horned individuals.
- EIt appears that in some years, there was a lot of variation in horn length sampled. In other years, there was little to no variation in horn length. But over time, length varied from as low as 40cm or less, up to about 75cm.
- FIf the population were sampled only from years 1980 to 1986, it would appear that average horn length was under directional, positive selection
20The speed of any evolutionary response to selection will be the product of the amount of heritable genetic variation times the strength of genetic drift.
- ATrue
- BFalse
21In all chromosomes and for every single homologous gene, chimpanzees' versions of the nucleotide sequences are more closely related to those of humans than to those of gorillas.
- ATrue
- BFalse
22A gene tree shows
- Ageneological lineages (and history) of homologous alleles, following their changes and evolution backwards in time.
- Bthe proximity of genes along the length of a chromosome(s).
- Cthe linkages between and among genes of chromosomes.
- Ddifferences in individual nucleotides across species for a specific amino acid on a protein.
- Eneighbor joining.
23Using DNA sequencing to construct molecular phylogenies and species relationships can be very beneficial with regard to understanding evolution, compared to using the fossil record alone. Why is that so?
- Ascientists have a clear understanding of how gene sequences change over time, especially with respect to the rapid changes, or slower changes, that occur in non-coding and coding regions, respectively
- Bwhen examining fossil or morphological evidence, scientists can analyze more characters at once, but with less accuracy
- Cmolecular phylogenies typically involve using ancient, extinct species
- Dnone of these are correct
24Why is the history of alleles sometimes different from the history of the origin of new species or species divergence? (check any/all that apply)
- Aalleles are measured in frequencies in a population
- Beven if a population of a species undergoes evolution, and a new species is formed, that new species can still have ancestral alleles
- Cas generations of a population pass, and new species evolve, all alleles are different in the new species
- Ddepending on the number of alleles we pick, the number of generations it takes to coalesce will vary
25The best term that describes a discrepancy between the alleles found in multiple species, and other evidence (such as morphology, the fossil record, etc.) indicating those same species' evolutionary history (the points where ancestors diverged and speciation occurred) is
- Aincomplete lineage sorting
- Bspeciation
- Cdivergence
- Dnon-synonymous
- Esynoonymous
- Fparalog
26What does the word homology refer to, when describing the idea of coalescing genes/coalescence? (check any/all that apply)
- Atwo alternative states of an allele, in a portion (or a single nucleotide) of a gene sequence, and at a particluar location/locus
- Btwo chromosomes in a diploid organism, each having the same gene at the same locus
- Cthe fact that multiple versions of alleles exist through time within individuals of a population, and if you go back far enough in the history of that gene locus, you may see the point where the alleles initally diverged
- Dancestral alleles are analagous to lviing alleles in a population over time
27One major reason that using DNA to determine evolutionary history (the phylogenies of species) is now more precise and advantageous is that scientists can examine an entire genome, not just a single gene. Examining just a single gene or set of genes can often lead to incorrect conclusions of evolution.
- ATrue
- BFalse
28Modern humans, based upon DNA evidence, are
- Amore closely related to chimpanzees than gorillas.
- Bmore closely related to gorillas than chimpanzees.
- Cmost likely equally related to chimpanzees and gorillas based upon percentage of genes in the species tree topology
- Dmore closely related to orangutans than chimps, by about 3.40%
29With respect to the evolution of finches found on the Galapagos Islands, it is most probably that
- Athe finches evolved from a single finch which reached the islands from Cocos Island
- Bthe 14 finches currently found on the Galapagos islands evolved from multiple other ancestral finches that migrated out to the islands over time
- Cbased upon the finch fossil record, they arose from an ancestor that reached the island about 1.4 million years ago
- Dthe finches evolved fairly rapidly and from a single ancestor of South America
30Looking at the origin and evolutionary history of 4 legged organisms, scientists
- Aused DNA to confirm fossil evidence that lungfishes are the closest living relatives to tetrapods
- Bused fossil evidence to confirm earlier molecular evidence linking living tetrapods to lobe-finned fishes
- Cused molecular evidence to overturn the hypothesis that the coelacanth is closely related to the lungfish
- Dused molecular evidence to offer an alternative hypothesis that the coelacanth is more closely related to the lungfish
31In the monkeyflowers studied by Bradshaw and Schemske reproductive isolation results from:
- Asterility of hybrid offspring
- Bcolor preferences of hummingbirds and bees
- Cgametic incompatibility between pollen and ovule
- Dasynchrony in time in which plants reach reproductive maturity
32Which of the following would provide evidence for reinforcement?
- APostzygotic isolation between two species is higher in areas where they are sympatric vs. areas where they are allopatric; premating isolation is the same in allopatric and sympatric populations
- Btwo of these are correct
- CPremating isolation between the two species is higher in sympatry than allopatry; there is no postzygotic isolation in any cross
- DPremating isolation between the two species is higher in areas where they are sympatric vs. areas where they are allopatric; postzygotic isolation is strong in all crosses
33Many butterflies in the genus Heliconius are mimetic, which means that they closely mimic the wing patterning and color of highly poisonous species even though they themselves are not poisonous. This is a benefit because many predators (such as birds) learn to avoid poisonous species by identifying their wing patterns/colors. Some closely related Heliconius species mimic different poisonous species. Although they can successfully hybridize and produce viable/fertile offspring that have high fitness in the laboratory, the hybrids are intermediate in wing patterning/color and are not good mimics. Consequently, they have low fitness in nature. This is an example of:
- AExtrinsic postzygotic isolation
- BPrezygotic isolation
- CHaldane's rule
- DIntrinsic postzygotic isolation
- EHabitat isolation
34Under the biological species concept:
- Aspecies are evolutionary independent units
- Ball of these are correct
- Cthe same species do not exchange genes
- Da species represents a group of interbreeding (or potentially interbreeding) populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
35You are studying a potential case of incipient sympatric speciation involving two morphs of a cichlid fish in a crater lake that feed at different depths and differ in morphology.
If true, which of the following statements would make sympatric speciation more likely (or at least possible)- AMating occurs in the area of the lake where each morph feeds. Also, females choose males based on jaw morphology, preferring males that have the same jaw morphology as the female.
- BThe two morphs feed on different food types and there is strong disruptive selection operating such that individuals that are intermediate are very strongly selected against (basically none survive).
- CThe two morphs feed at different depths, but both morphs come to a rocky area near the shore to mate. Females prefer to mate with males of the other morph.
- DThe two morphs specialize on different food types; matings between the morphs produce offspring that are intermediate and can efficiently utilize both food types.
- EGenes for habitat preference and jaw morphology are very tightly linked to one another on a chromosome.
36The process of reinforcement requires:
- Agenetic variation for mating discrimination
- Bpreexisting prezygotic isolation
- Cpreexisting postzygotic isolation
37Which of the following is required to designate populations as separate species under the phylogenetic species concept? (Check any/all that apply)
- Aeach population forms a monophyletic group at the tips of a tree
- Bthere is strong post zygotic reproductive isolation between the populations
- Cthe populations do not exchange genes and have had a unique history
38You are studying speciation in crickets. You find that males and females from different populations will mate, but few eggs get fertilized. This is an example of what type of reproductive isolating barrier
- Apostmating-prezygotic
- Bintrinsic postzygotic
- Cpremating
- Dextrinsic postzygotic
39 Which is the most likely order of events that could lead to allopatric speciation?
- AGeographic separation, then genetic divergence, then reproductive isolation
- BGenetic divergence, followed by geographic separation, then reproductive isolation
- CGenetic divergence, then reproductive isolation, then geographic separation
- DGeographic separation, followed by reproductive isolation, and then genetic divergence
40Which of these is not an example of an isolating barrier which is pre-mating?
- AFrogs which sing in ponds at different elevations.
- BTwo grasshoppers have hybrid offspring which cannot produce viable gametes
- Cflowers which produce pollen which is available to pollinators at different months of the season
- DMale birds from one population that sing at different pitches or rates than other males in other populations.
- EOne fish species has females which prefer one color of male fish over another.
41Polar bears in the arctic, and brown bears south of the arctic, have speciated over history and remained independent primarily due to:
- Anone of these are correct
- Bdivergence in ecological traits
- Ccold weather
- Dsexual selection
- Einterbreeding and hybrid success
- Fintersexual selection
42The emergence/formation of a new species does not require thousands, or millions of years: it can occur in just a few generations.
- ATrue
- BFalse
43Which of the choices below is incorrect, regarding the speed of speciation?
- Aspeciation can happen in a single generation
- Bspeciation can take millions of years to occur
- Cspeciation in plants due to hybridization is common
- Dnone of these are false
- Especiation in animals is often slower than in flowering plants
44Since the point when brown bears and polar bears diverged, interbreeding between the two species has not occurred.
- ATrue
- BFalse
45The swordtail crickets of the Hawaiian islands exemplify:
- Athe influence of the formation of underlying hotspots on speciation, with crickets moving east to west over millions of years
- Boccupation effects of different climactic zones/niches of islands
- Cthe evolutionary driving force of a shift to new food resources
- Dstrong sexual selection based upon courtship songs
46Microbial speciation is best described using
- Aphylogenetics as well as horizontal gene transfer
- Bmorphology
- Chomologous recombination
- Dpetri plates
- Enutrients it needs to survive on
- Fobservable traits
47Daniel Janzen's key observation, in discovering the details behind the evolution of the neotropical skipper butterfly, was that:
- Acryptic species of the butterfly did not exist.
- Bthe one butterfly caterpillar species fed on very specialized diet.
- Cthe caterpillars were fed upon by parasitoid wasps.
- Dnone of these are correct
- Ethe butterfly fed upon a very wide range of plants and lived across a large geographic range.
48Speciation of swordtail crickets on the Hawaiian islands has been shown to be a result of both male songs and female preferences.
- ATrue
- BFalse
49The swordtail crickets of the Hawaiian islands exemplify:
- Asympatric speciation within the big island, as well as Kauai
- Ba strong pattern of ecological divergence
- Ca pattern of speciation apparent after 100,000 years of history
- Dradiation of many new species as crickets migrated on emerging islands in the archipelago
50What molecular difference was found to be very important when comparing the genomes of brown bears versus polar bears?
- Agenes coding for cholesterol-lowering proteins in polar bears
- Bthe genes of the bears have been inconclusive
- Cgenes coding for cholesterol-lowering proteins in brown bears
- Da shift in pigmentation in brown bears which led to improved camouflage in forests
- Etwo of these are correct
51Phenotypic traits often have a continuous distribution because
- Athey are a result of dominance interactions
- Bthey are not related to genotypes
- Cthey are influenced only by the environment
- Dthey are often polygenic
52Which of these statements about narrow sense heritability (h^2) is true?
- AThe numerator of narrow sense heritability includes additive, dominant, and epistatic gene effects.
- BThe numerator of narrow sense heritability includes only the additive effects of alleles.
- CNarrow sense heritability includes only the epistatic effects of alleles.
- DNarrow sense heritability can be estimated by comparing quantitative trait loci among offspring using regression.
- Enone of the above statements are true.
53The breeder's equation incorporates two of the conditions Darwin identified that must be met for evolution by natural selection to take place. Which two?
- AGreater survival (S) and reproduction (R) of phenotypes with specific alleles (h^2).
- BVariation in phenotypic traits (R) and heritability of additive alleles (h^2).
- CDifferences in phenotypes that influence the probability of survival or reproduction (S) and differences in phenotypic traits that must be at least partially heritable (h^2)
- DHeritability of additive alleles (h^2) and the evolutionary response of the population (R).
- ENone of the above statements demonstrate evolution by natural selection.
54How can scientists determine what constitutes a quantitative trait locus?
- AThey painstakingly examine the genotypes of hundreds of individuals and look for genes that are consistently similar.
- BThey examine nucleotides sequences and exam the repeated segments that they feel are important.
- CThey hybridize species and compare how genetic markers can recombine in the offspring.
- DThey select for different traits in lineages of an organism, cross-breed the lineages for two generations, and search for genetic markers that are correlated with expression of the trait.
- EThey map the genome and identify the distinct short segments of DNA markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Simple sequence repeats, and transposable elements.
55If the age of sexual maturation is phenotypically plastic trait, what relationship(s) would you expect to find?
- AGenotypes differ in the age at which they reproduce.
- BEnvironmental conditions (such as nutrition) affect the age at which individuals begin reproducing.
- CBody size affects the age at which different genotypes reproduce.
- DAll of the above.
- ENone of the above.
56Which of the following is an example of the process of evolution?
- AA population of snowshoe hares having a different frequency of alleles than the previous generation.
- BTrees drops their leaves in the fall.
- CA man becoming immune to a strain of virus that caused him to have a cold when he was younger.
- DA female bird laying more eggs one season than she did the three previous seasons combined,
- EAll of the above are examples of the process of evolution.
57What is the difference between the [blank_start]selection differential[blank_end] and the [blank_start]evolutionary response[blank_end] to selection?
- Aselection differential
- Bevolutionary response
58Why don't [blank_start]dominance effects[blank_end] and [blank_start]epistatic interactions[blank_end] among alleles generally contribute to phenotypic resemblance of relatives?
- Adominance effects
- Bepistatic interactions
59How can reaction norms be used to understand phenotypic [blank_start]plasticity[blank_end]?
- Aplasticity
60How might [blank_start]selection[blank_end] drive the evolutionary response of snowshoe hare populations experiencing warming in the far North due to climate change?
- Aselection
61Why is understanding coalescence important when developing molecular phylogenies?
- ABecause scientists can't know the true genealogy of a lineage without coalescing phylogenies to determine which is the most parsimonious.
- BBecause scientists can sample only a limited portion of the history of any allele.
- CBecause alleles that change over time are not valuable to developing phylogenies.
- DBecause scientists can't possibly determine the genealogy of a lineage from the limited samples available to them
62Why might scientists use a statistical tool, such as Bayesian or maximum likelihood analyses, when reconstructing phylogenies?
- ABecause scientists can interpret the outcome any way they want.
- BBecause scientists can specify the parameters of a statistical model and test the capacity of the tool to produce comparable trees.
- CBecause molecular data can provide both true and false signals of the branching history, and statistical tools can reveal important patterns in the changes that occurred.
- DBoth b and c.
- EAll of the above.
63Why don't all gene trees reflect the phylogeny of species?
- ABecause the branch lengths of a species tree are usually much longer on average than the coalescence times of the genes being analyzed.
- BBecause coalescence of specific genes can occur before speciation events.
- CBecause speciation events can sometimes be very rapid.
- DBoth b and c.
- EAll of the above.
64Molecular phylogenies indicate that
- AThe same mutation evolved in three separate lineages of HIV; in each instance the mutation improved the ability of the virus to infect humans.
- BHIV came from a monkey virus that was introduced into people by contaminated vaccinations.
- CHIV is a monophyletic strain of lenti virus that infects both humans and chimpanzees.
- DThe common ancestor of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus came from horses.
- ENone of the above.
65The theory of neutral evolution describes
- AThe rate of mutation at a site that results from purifying selection, regardless of the size of the population.
- BThe rate of fixation of alleles at a site in the absence of selection
- CThe competition between genetic drift and natural selection within the genome
- DBoth a and b.
- EBoth b and c.
66Which of these is a TRUE statement about molecular clocks?
- AMolecular clocks use neutral theory to date events within a phylogeny.
- BMolecular clocks can be calibrated using fossils of known age.
- CMolecular clocks can be affected by the segments of DNA being examined and relative sizes of the populations.
- DAll of the above are true.
- Enone of the above are true.
67When dN>dS, then
- AScientists would reject the null hypothesis of neutral evolution because the number of replacement substitutions is greater than expected.
- Bscientists would accept the hypothesis that the population is undergoing purifying selection more replacement mutations were found than expected.
- Cscientists would reject the hypothesis that natural selection took place millions of years ago and is no longer relevant scientists accept the hypothesis that neutral evolution millions of years ago
- Dscientists would accept the hypothesis that neutral evolution took place millions of years ago
68Why are different statistical methodologies important for developing [blank_start]phylogenies[blank_end]?
- Aphylogenies
69how is the theory of [blank_start]neutral evolution[blank_end] different from the theory of [blank_start]evolution by natural selection[blank_end]? how is it the same?
- Aneutral evolution
- Bevolution by natural selection
70as part of their analysis of Darwin's finches, Sato et. Al. (2001) Develop the phylogeny for some of the tribes (a taxonomic unit that lies between family and genus) within the family Fringillidae (True finches) by using [blank_start]maximum parsimony[blank_end] based on cytochrome B gene sequences the tribes listed on the right are they currently accepted tribes based on previous DNA analysis (the Tyrannidae are in accepted outgroup to the Fringillidae). what does this tree tell you about the relationship with the Fringillids? Pg. 299
- Amaximum parsimony
71How did Sarah Tishkoff humans and her colleagues test the hypothesis that all modern humans are derived from [blank_start]recent African[blank_end] ancestry?
- Arecent African
72Why are conserved genes important when developing [blank_start]phylogenies[blank_end]?
- Aphylogenies
73Which is not one of the three conditions that must be met for evolution by natural selection to take place?
- Avariation in phenotypic traits must exist in the population.
- BDifferences in phenotype influence the probability of survival or reproduction.
- COne extreme with the phenotype leads to greater survival.
- DDifferences in phenotypic traits must be at least partially heritable.
- Eall of the above are necessary for evolution by natural selection.
74Which experiment would allow you to test whether coat color affects Oldfield mice fitness?
- Ausing dark and light models of old field mice to determine predation rates in forest and beach habitats.
- Btrapping Oldfield mice in both forests and beach habitats and counting whether there were more dark mice in forest habitats or in beach habitats.
- Cfollowing Oldfield mice with dark coats and beach habitats determine whether they reproduced.
- DConducting late -night surveys in both source beach habitats to determine whether they could see myself darker light coats better in either habitat.
75If gene flow were eliminated between northern and southern portions of this garlic kingsnakes range, what do you predict would happen to the frequency of alleles that produced a coral snake like pattern as a result of natural selection?
- AThe frequency of the alleles would increase in the northern part of the range.
- BThe frequency of the alleles would decrease in the northern part of the range
- CThe frequency of the alleles would increase in the southern part of the range.
- DThe frequency of alleles would decrease in the third part of the range.
76The text describes the galls of flies as examples of extended phenotypes. What are extended phenotypes?
- APhenotypes that are shared by multiple generations.
- Bbehaviors that influence the survival of offspring.
- CMorphological features that affect reproductive output.
- DStructures constructed by organisms that can influence their performance or success.
- EAll of the above are extended phenotypes
77how does a selective sweep for an allele at one locus affect variation at an adjacent locus?
- AVariation in flanking Loci is reduced.
- Bflanking Loki are eliminated completely.
- Chigher levels of recombination occur.
- DSelective sweeps do not affect flanking loci.
78Which of the following is not a potential agent of selection?
- AHuman fishing.
- BGenetic drift.
- CA flood.
- DA predator.
- EAll of the above are potential agents of selection.
79What is the best course of action for a farmer who wants to slow the evolution of resistance of a pest population feeding on his crops?
- Aallowing some non-resistant pests to survive.
- Bdecreasing the amount of pesticide but using the concentration.
- CContingency modified that make their own pesticide.
- DNailing a toad to the barn door.
80The text describes a flower called Crepis sancta that grows in the city of Marseille. what is a likely reason for city populations of this plant to produce more non dispersing seeds then plants in the countryside?
- APlants in the countryside have access to more nutrients.
- Bseeds from plants in the countryside to travel farther to find suitable habitat.
- CCity plants are more affected by pollution city.
- Dplants with genes that makes seeds drop are more likely to Reproduce successfully.
- ECity plants don't produce more non dispersing seeds.
81which of these statements about selection is false?
- ADuring their lifetime, plants may experience many different sources of selection.
- BInsects often experience different types of selection as larvae than they do adults.
- CBirds can experience different directions of selection in different years.
- DSelection in mammals always operates more strongly on survival than on reproduction.
82what is the most likely reason that lactose intolerance alleles selectively slept through certain human populations?
- ALactose intolerance reduced reproduction.
- BLactose intolerance had a large effect on survival.
- CDrinking Lots of milk caused a greater mutation rate.
- Dit was random which populations experienced the selective sweep none of these reasons explains the selective sweep.
83What information did Peter and Rosemary Grant's team need to measure over cord in order to demonstrate the effect of [blank_start]natural selection[blank_end] on the beach size adventures in the Galapagos?
- Anatural selection
84 What are the differences and similarities between [blank_start]directional[blank_end] and [blank_start]stabilizing[blank_end] selection?
- Adirectional
- Bstabilizing
85For evolution by [blank_start]natural selection[blank_end] to occur, why is it important for the coat color of Oldfield mines to be variable and at least partially heritable? What would happen if the variation or heritability were reduced?
- Anatural selection
86What general kinds of data have been used to understand the [blank_start]evolution[blank_end] of sicklebacks? What does each kind of evidence tell researchers about their [blank_start]evolution[blank_end]?
- Aevolution
- Bevolution
87Is domesticated corn[blank_start](maize)[blank_end] better adapted to its environment than teosinte, The wild plant it evolved from? why or why not?
- A(maize)
88Why is the evolution of resistance so [blank_start]rapid[blank_end]? How do farmers and scientists attempt to slow the evolution of resistance in pest populations?
- Arapid
89What were the steps involved her snakes to evolve a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] gape width in Australia after the introduction of cane toads?
- Asmaller
90How do novel traits arise?
- AThrough an existing trade that reverts to a previous version.
- BThrough mutation leading to new phenotypes.
- CThey are inherited from the previous generation.
- DThrough a new combination of traits already existing in the individual.
91What is a paralog?
- AA protein that has taken on a new function.
- BA protein that can have two different functions at once.
- CA gene that serves a similar function in a related species.
- DA gene that has taken on a new function through gene duplication.
92which process allowed Sphingobium bacteria to break down toxic PCP?
- AHorizontal gene transfer.
- BProtein promiscuity.
- CGene duplication.
- DAll of the above.
- ENone of the above.
93Which process led to the evolution of snake venom?
- Agene recruitment.
- BNatural selection.
- CGene duplication.
- DAll of the above.
- ENone of the above.
94What is an ortholog?
- ATwo genes in two different species that serve the same function and were inherited from a common ancestor.
- Btwo genes in two different species that serve the same function but were inherited from different ancestors.
- CTwo genes in the same species that serve different functions but were duplicated from the same original gene.
- DTwo genes in the same species that serve the same function but were inherited separately from different ancestors.
95What do you predict would happen to the hind legs of a fly if the gene DPP were artificially overexpressed?
- AThe legs would grow longer.
- BThe legs would not grow as long.
- CThe growth of the legs would be completely suppressed.
- DThe early leg cells would be reabsorbed into the body.
96What roles does BMP4 play in the expression of Finch beak phenotypes?
- AIt is the only protein responsible for the shape of the beak.
- BIt is one of the two proteins that determine the shape of the beak.
- CIt is a regulatory gene that turns on many other genes.
- DIt is turned on by the regulatory protein known as Calmodulin.
97Which Organism does not use crystallins in its eyes to focus light?
- AHumans.
- BOctopuses.
- CFish.
- DRagworms.
98What is not an example of antagonistic pleiotropy?
- AGenes that create insect breeding tubes cause decreased production of growth hormones.
- Bmutations that confer resistance to BT also makes insects more vulnerable to natural plant defensive chemicals.
- CDevelopmental genes that code for greater or fewer than seven cervical vertebrae have negative fitness costs.
- Dall of the above word correct examples of antagonistic pleiotropy.
- ENone of the above is a correct example of antagonistic pleiotropy.
99Why do giraffes have a recurrent laryngeal nerve that is 19 feet longer than the shortest route possible?
- ATheir ancestors were fish and did not have a larynx.
- BThe root of that nerve was inherited from their ancestors.
- CThe nerve makes more connections to their lungs than their ancestors.
- DThe route that the nerve takes is the result of a random processes.
100What do you predict would happen if you inserted a pax-6 gene from a mouse into the genome of an octopus correct?
- ANo eyes would develop in the octopus.
- BThe normal two eyes would develop, but they would not work.
- CExtra eyes would develop, but with mouse crystallins.
- DExtra eyes would develop but with octopus crystallins.
Information
- Description
- Quiz on Final Exam- Introduction to Evolution 3445, created by Abigail Mellon on 11/05/2022.
- Author
- Abigail Mellon
- Language
- English
- Views
- 0
- Tags
- Rating
- No ratings yet Rate this quiz