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translation

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translation
Andrea B
Quiz by Andrea B, updated more than 1 year ago
Andrea B
Created by Andrea B over 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
How is the order of nucleotides in mRNA used to generate the linear sequences of amino acids in protein?
Answer
  • process known as translation
  • process know as transcription
  • process know as post translational modifications

Question 2

Question
What process is the most highly conserved across all organism and the most energetically costly?
Answer
  • translation
  • transcription
  • cellular respiration

Question 3

Question
Transcription is a more formidable challenge than translation.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
The hydrophobic side chains of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan forms interactions with the mRNA template.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 5

Question
Crick proposed a [blank_start]special adaptor[blank_end] molecule that directly interacts with the coding units of mRNA. He proposed to also be a [blank_start]RNA[blank_end] molecule.
Answer
  • RNA
  • special adaptor

Question 6

Question
amino acids that are attached to a class of RNA molecules that represent 15% of all celluar RNA and transfer amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain.
Answer
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
  • mRNA

Question 7

Question
The translation machinery is comprised of ?
Answer
  • mRNAs
  • tRNAs
  • aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS)
  • ribosome
  • rRNA
  • DNA

Question 8

Question
The competent of the translation machinery are always discarded after use.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 9

Question
Provides the information to be interpreted by translation machinery
Answer
  • DNA
  • mRNA
  • amino acids

Question 10

Question
This region of the mRNA specifies the order of amino acids by the ordered series of 3-nucleotide-long units called codons?
Answer
  • introns
  • poly A tail
  • protein coding region

Question 11

Question
couple amino acids to specific tRNAs that recognize the appropriate codon?
Answer
  • ribozymes
  • aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
  • poly-a-polymerase

Question 12

Question
coordinates correct recognition of mRNA by each tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation between growing peptide chain and amino acids attached to tRNA
Answer
  • ribosomes
  • ribozymes
  • transferase

Question 13

Question
in mRNA containing 2 or more open reading frames that can encode for multiple polypeptide chains
Answer
  • eukaryotic
  • prokaryotic

Question 14

Question
protein coding regions of each mRNA is composed of contiguous, non-overlapping string of codons called?
Answer
  • protein coding region
  • origin of replication
  • ORF

Question 15

Question
Eukaryotes, contain a single ORF that encode for multiple protein which is called polycistronic.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
translation starts at the [blank_start]5'[blank_end] end of ORF and proceeds into the 3' end
Answer
  • 5'
  • 3'

Question 17

Question
Start codons in bacteria
Answer
  • AUG
  • GUG
  • UUG
  • UAA
  • UGA

Question 18

Question
eukaryotic cells always use AUG as a stop codon
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
fundamental unit of an ORF is a [blank_start]codon[blank_end]
Answer
  • codon

Question 20

Question
What are the important functions of a start codon?
Answer
  • specify first amino acid incorporation
  • contains special interactions with tRNA for protein synthesis
  • defines the reading frame for all subsequent codons
  • allows for hydrogen bonding to other bases

Question 21

Question
Since the codons are a 3-nucleotide long, any stretch of mRNA could be translated in three different reading frames by overlapping.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
Stop codons are UAG,UGA and UAA in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 23

Question
Eukaryotic mRNA recruit ribosomes by the shine-dalgarno sequence which is ribosome binding site(RBS) that recruit the translation machinery.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 24

Question
the ribosome binding site
Answer
  • binds with the 16s rRNA of the ribosome
  • has a sequnce of CCUCCU
  • always has poor spacing
  • in all prokaryote has strong binding

Question 25

Question
limited complementarity and poor spacing promotes active translation
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 26

Question
some prokaryotes lack a strong RBS but can still be actively translated by having a start and a stop codon right next to each other.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 27

Question
who uses their 5' and 3' modified ends to facilitate translation?
Answer
  • bacteria
  • prokaryotes
  • eukaryotes

Question 28

Question
Kozak sequence
Answer
  • a purine, three bases upstream of the start codon and a guanine downstream
  • extreme 5' end
  • presence
  • scanning
  • interacts with initiator tRNA

Question 29

Question
5' cap allows the ribosome to be recruited in order to go through a process called scanning.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 30

Question
[blank_start]poly-A-tail[blank_end] at the end of mRNA enhances the level of translation of mRNA by promoting efficient recycling of [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end].
Answer
  • poly-A-tail
  • ribosomes

Question 31

Question
[blank_start]tRNA[blank_end] molecules are 75 to 95 ribonucleotides in length which there are many types of.
Answer
  • tRNA

Question 32

Question
The site at which amino acid is attached by the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA syntheses?
Answer
  • D loop
  • 5'CCA3'
  • anticodon loop
  • TYC loop

Question 33

Question
Unusual bases found in tRNAs primary structure created by post-transcriptional modifications?
Answer
  • pseudouridine
  • dihydrouridine
  • hypoxanthine
  • uridine

Question 34

Question
principle features of the tRNA clover leaf are
Answer
  • acceptor stem
  • YU loop
  • D loop
  • anticodon loop
  • constant loop
  • variable loop

Question 35

Question
L-shape reveals the secondary structure of tRNA, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds only.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 36

Question
charged tRNAs have an amino acid attached to them by amino alkyl linkage
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 37

Question
acyl linkage is a high energy bond that is hydrolysis results in a large change in free energy, which helps drive the formation of peptide bonds
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 38

Question
step one of aminoacyl-tRNA charging is [blank_start]adenylyation[blank_end] which amino acid reacts with ATP, amino acid is attached to adenylic acid via group transfer ester bond.
Answer
  • adenylyation

Question 39

Question
Whats the driving force that make adenylaltion energetically favorable reaction?
Answer
  • the release of pyrophosphate (PPI)
  • hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi)

Question 40

Question
In step two of aminoacyl tRNA-charging- the adenylylated amino acid which is highly bound to the synthetase reacts with?
Answer
  • tRNA
  • PPI
  • another amino acid

Question 41

Question
Class 2 tRNA syntheses enzyme attach the amino acid to the 2'OH of the tRNA and are generally monomeric.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 42

Question
each aminoacyl tRNA synthetase attaches a single amino acid to only one tRNA which is know as isoaccepting tRNAs.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 43

Question
most organism have 20 different tRNA synthetase
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 44

Question
tRNA structure that determine recognition by specific aminacyl tRNA synthetases?
Answer
  • acceptor stem and discriminator base
  • D loop
  • anticodon loop
  • variable loop

Question 45

Question
Why does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase face a challenge in selecting the correct amino acid?
Answer
  • small size
  • side chains
  • similarity

Question 46

Question
There is more proofreading after the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has used its editing pocket to charge tRNAs with low accuracy.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 47

Question
when cysteinyl-tRNA ^cys converted to alanine-tRNA^ cys ( by reduction) and added to a cell free protein synthesizing system, alanine-tRNA^cys introduces alanines at the codons that are suppose to be cysteine. why?
Answer
  • ribosomes recognize tRNA not amino acid that its carrying
  • wrong tRNA has been incorporated
  • the tRNA is isoaccepting therefore can carry more than one amino acid

Question 48

Question
Eukaryotes can commence translation of the mRNA as it emerges from the RNA polymerase because the transcription machinery and the translation machinery are in the same compartment.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 49

Question
The ribosome is made up of large subunit which contains the [blank_start]peptidase transferase center[blank_end] and the small subunit that contains the [blank_start]decoding center[blank_end].
Answer
  • decoding center
  • peptidase transferase center
  • 30S
  • 50S

Question 50

Question
polysomes are
Answer
  • mRNA with multiple ribosomes
  • spaced 80 nt apart
  • polyribosomes
  • happen in eukaryotes
  • happen in prokaryotes

Question 51

Question
When small and large subunits undergo of the ribosome associate with each other and the mRNA, translate the target mRNA, then dissociate after each round of sythesis.
Answer
  • ribosome cycle
  • sedimentation by centrifugation
  • polysome

Question 52

Question
translation occurs
Answer
  • from 5' to 3'
  • from N terminal to C-terminal
  • by attaching new amino acid to the C-terminus of a growing polypeptide chain

Question 53

Question
substrate(s) for a round of amino acid addition are
Answer
  • 2 charged species of tRNA
  • 1 charged species of tRNA

Question 54

Question
The bond between the aminoacyl-tRNA and the amino acid is not broken during the formation of the next peptide bond.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 55

Question
What drives the peptide bond formation?
Answer
  • simultaneous hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate
  • breaking the high energy acyl bond that joins the growing polypeptide chain to the tRNA

Question 56

Question
ribosomal RNAs are represent the main component of the ribosome because
Answer
  • are located in the interior of the ribosome
  • essential for the peptidyl transferase reaction and binding the anticodon loop of tRNAs
  • are larger then proteins
  • protein stable rRNA by shielding negative charges of their sugar phosphate backbones

Question 57

Question
what are the three binding sites for tRNA on a ribosome
Answer
  • A site
  • D site
  • Enter site
  • P site
  • E site

Question 58

Question
peptidyl transferase center
Answer
  • formed by 20 nucleotides of 23s RNA
  • the 3'OH group of the tRNA in the P site is critical for activity and assist a concerted proton transfer
  • orients tRNAs in optimal proximity for peptidyltransferase rxn to occur

Question 59

Question
what allows only unpaired RNA to pass through the small and large subunit of the ribosome?
Answer
  • entry and amino channel
  • exit and adjacent channel
  • entry and exit channel

Question 60

Question
[blank_start]Entry[blank_end] channel is through the small subunit which is only wide enough to let unpaired mRNA through and too narrow for a [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] structure. Ensures that codons in mRNA will be exposed and available for pairing with the anticodon loops of tRNA.
Answer
  • Entry
  • secondary

Question 61

Question
the kink in the mRNA between two codons are included after ribosome translocation to not allow any entry of the mRNA
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 62

Question
[blank_start]Exit[blank_end] channel lets nascent polypeptide through. Some secondary structures can form inside but some can't. But [blank_start]tertiary[blank_end] and quaternary structure will not be formed until after its exit the ribosome.
Answer
  • Exit
  • tertiary

Question 63

Question
Successful initiation in translation occurs when?
Answer
  • ribosome is recruited to the mRNA
  • ribosome placed over the start codon
  • charged tRNA placed into P site
  • tRNA goes through hydrolysis

Question 64

Question
translation initiation in prokaryotes is mostly done in the absence of the full ribosome
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 65

Question
Specialized charged tRNA that binds directly to the P site and not the A site during initiation.
Answer
  • met-tRNA
  • initiator tRNA
  • charged tRNA

Question 66

Question
One of the three initiation factors, that binds to the small subunit and block its from reassociating with the large subunit or from binding charged tRNAs.
Image:
4c6997c8-6e9b-413c-96ea-c3249e576c94 (image/png)
Answer
  • IF3

Question 67

Question
purple-one of the three initiation factors in prokaryotes, it is a GTAPase which interacts with IF 1, charged initiator tRNA, and the small subunit. yellow-prevents tRNAs from binding to the portion of the small subunit that will become part of the A site.
Image:
73d3f507-e60d-40c8-b7d5-e53dc6e4adf1 (image/png)
Answer
  • IF 1
  • IF 4
  • IF 3
  • IF2

Question 68

Question
the last step in initiation is the 70s initiation complex, where fmet-tRNA, start codon, base pair which allows the small subunit to undergo a conformational change.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 69

Question
In eukaryotic initiation, the 43s pre-initiation complex
Answer
  • 1A attaches at the exit site
  • Met-tRNA^met is bound to e1F3
  • EIF1,3,5 are bound to the exit site
  • the initiation factors attach to the 40s ribosome

Question 70

Question
recognition of eukaryotic mRNAs after 43S pre initiation complex,
Answer
  • recognition of 5' cap mediated by 3 subunits
  • recognition is mediated by a 3 subunit protein that specifically binds to RNA
  • unstructured mRNA recruits the 43S pre initiation complex to mRNA by eIF4F and eIF5

Question 71

Question
once the complex is assembled at the 5' end of the mRNA, they move along the 5'-3' direction by a process that ATP-dependent
Answer
  • eIF4F-associated RNA helices
  • finding the start codon
  • base pairing of the anticodon

Question 72

Question
The reason why the initiator tRNA must bind to the small subunit before it binds to the mRNA is because it is used in scanning by recognizing the start codon through base pairing between anticodon of tRNA and start codon.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 73

Question
The binding of the large subunit to the small subunit in eukaryotes
Answer
  • releases initiation factors by GTP hydrolysis
  • FMet-tRNA is placed in the P site of the 80s initiation complex
  • start codon and initiator tRNA in the P site is now ready to accept charged tRNAs

Question 74

Question
Poly-A-binding protein and eIF4G interact by the 5' and 3' end of the mRNA to
Answer
  • make mRNA linear
  • stabilize mRNA (exonucleases)
  • decrease efficiency of translation
  • helps recycling ribosomes

Question 75

Question
Exceptions to eukaryotic polypeptide being encoded by an open reading frame that starts with AUG?
Answer
  • internal ribosome entry sites
  • eIF3
  • uORF

Question 76

Question
eIF4G adaptor role when an mRNA is capped?
Answer
  • eIF4G directly binds to IRES
  • eIF4G binds to poly A tail
  • eIF4G serves as an adaptor between the pre initiation complex and the EIF4E bound to it

Question 77

Question
Elongation is very different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 78

Question
Whats this step in this mechanism?
Image:
2e301c3d-2e8e-4ee5-88e0-9bafb28ead98 (image/png)
Answer
  • translocation

Question 79

Question
When EF-Tu is bound to GDP and lacking any bound nucleotide it shows high affinity for aminoacyl-tRNAs.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 80

Question
What are one of the three mechanisms that contributes to the fidelity of codon recognition?
Answer
  • two adjacent adenine residues in 16S
  • ATP hydrolysis

Question 81

Question
Third mechanism in correct codon-anticodon incorporation is [blank_start]accommodation[blank_end], which is rotation of tRNA into the peptidyl transferase center.
Answer
  • accommodation
  • GTP hydrolysis

Question 82

Question
Reason why ribosome is a ribozyme?
Answer
  • 23s RNA
  • proteins
  • aminoacyl-tRNA

Question 83

Question
23S rRNA catalyzes peptide bond formation by base pairing with the CCA variable loop of the tRNAs in the A and the P sites with help position alpha amino go of aminoacyl tRNA to attack carbonyl of growing peptide attached to peptidyl-tRNA.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 84

Question
[blank_start]EF-G[blank_end] is an elongation factor that completes translocation by binding to the ribosome's factor binding center with GTP.
Answer
  • EF-G
  • EF-Tu

Question 85

Question
[blank_start]molecular mimicry[blank_end] in which a protein takes on the appearance of a tRNA to facilitate association with the same binding site.
Answer
  • molecular mimicry
  • all elongation factor

Question 86

Question
Exchange of GDP for GTP for both EF-TU-GDP and EF-G-GDP are? ( in order)
Answer
  • GDP release and binds to new GTP, exchanging GDP for GTP by complex
  • exchanging GDP for GTP by complex, GDP release and binds to new GTP,

Question 87

Question
Eukaryotic factors analogous to EF-Tu ([blank_start]eEF1[blank_end]) and EF-G([blank_start]eEF2[blank_end]) are name differently but have similar function.
Answer
  • eEF1
  • EIF1A
  • eEF2
  • EF-Tu

Question 88

Question
how many molecules of ATP and GTP are used for peptide bond formation?
Answer
  • 2 ATP and 1 GTP
  • 2GTP and 1 ATP
  • 3 ATP and 0 GTP

Question 89

Question
Termination of translation is done by
Answer
  • RF1: recognizes UGA
  • release factors
  • RF2: recognizes UGA
  • eRF1

Question 90

Question
the name of the codon on the release factor the recognizes a stop codon?
Answer
  • anticodon
  • peptide anticodon
  • GGQ

Question 91

Question
Class II release factor RF3,
Answer
  • has higher affinity for GDP than GTP
  • conformational change in ribosome, the class 1 RF stimulates GDP to GTP exchange
  • No class 1 RF, RF-3-GDP has high affinity for ribosome

Question 92

Question
RRF
Answer
  • ribosome recycling factor
  • mimics tRNA
  • works with EF-G and IF3

Question 93

Question
Puromycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which binds to the 16rRNA causing misreading of the genetic code
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 94

Question
tetracycline is a polyketide, which block the p site.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 95

Question
puromycin
Answer
  • mimics aa-tRNA
  • used for cleaning purposes

Question 96

Question
SsrA
Answer
  • in prokaryotes
  • initiation factor
  • tmRNA (tRNA/mRNA

Question 97

Question
What is this mechanism?
Image:
64d42ea5-5b4f-4814-992e-b91a26716be4 (image/png)
Answer
  • non-stop mediated decay
  • nonsense mediated mRNA decay

Question 98

Question
what machanism is this?
Image:
4e01278d-27c0-49a2-9b76-d81f2600793c (image/png)
Answer
  • nonstop mediated decay
  • nonsense mediated mRNA decay

Question 99

Question
protein mediated regulation in bacteria
Answer
  • inhibition of 30s initiation complex binding
  • secondary structure of mRNA can inhibit translation initiation

Question 100

Question
riboswitches are
Answer
  • RNA sensors for regulation of translation
  • binding to its own mRNA

Question 101

Question
regulation of translation by small RNA (sRNA) in bacteria
Answer
  • eIF2
  • Hfq

Question 102

Question
initiation in eukaryotic translation is globally regulated by
Answer
  • rapamycin
  • eIF4G
  • elF4E-binding proteins

Question 103

Question
gene specific regulation of translation through cap sequestration in eukaryotes
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 104

Question
Iron regulation is mediated by amino acids acting as sensor via steric hinderance
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 105

Question
[blank_start]Translation[blank_end] of GCN4 is controlled by short upstream ORFs.
Answer
  • Translation
  • upregulation
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