Quiz
Chemistry C1 Test
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Questions in this quiz (88)
1[blank_start]Atoms[blank_end] and [blank_start]elements[blank_end] are the building blocks of chemistry. [blank_start]Atoms[blank_end] contain [blank_start]protons[blank_end], [blank_start]neutrons[blank_end] and [blank_start]electrons[blank_end]. When [blank_start]elements[blank_end] react they produce compounds.
- AAtoms
- Belements
- CAtoms
- Dprotons
- Eneutrons
- Felectrons
- Gelements
2All [blank_start]substances[blank_end] are made of [blank_start]atoms[blank_end]. A [blank_start]substance[blank_end] that is made of only one sort of [blank_start]atom[blank_end] is called an [blank_start]element[blank_end]. There are about 100 different [blank_start]elements[blank_end]. [blank_start]Elements[blank_end] are shown in the [blank_start]periodic[blank_end] table. The [blank_start]groups[blank_end] contain elements with [blank_start]similar[blank_end] [blank_start]properties[blank_end].
- Asubstances
- Batoms
- Csubstance
- Datom
- Eelement
- Felements
- GElements
- Hperiodic
- Igroups
- Jsimilar
- Kproperties
3Atoms of each element are [blank_start]represented[blank_end] by a chemical symbol, e.g. [blank_start]O[blank_end] represents an atom of oxygen and Na represents an atom of [blank_start]sodium[blank_end]
- Arepresented
- BO
- Csodium
4Atoms have a small [blank_start]central[blank_end] [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end], which is made up of [blank_start]protons[blank_end] and [blank_start]neutrons[blank_end] and around which there are [blank_start]electrons[blank_end].
- Acentral
- Bnucleus
- Cprotons
- Dneutrons
- Eelectrons
5The relative [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] charges are:
Proton = [blank_start]+1[blank_end]
Neutron = [blank_start]0[blank_end]
Electron = [blank_start]-1[blank_end]- Aelectrical
- B+1
- C0
- D-1
6In an atom, the number of [blank_start]electrons[blank_end] is equal to the number of [blank_start]protons[blank_end] in the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end]. Atoms have no overall [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] [blank_start]charge[blank_end].
- Aelectrons
- Bprotons
- Cnucleus
- Delectrical
- Echarge
7The [blank_start]number[blank_end] of [blank_start]protons[blank_end] in an atom of an element is its [blank_start]atomic[blank_end] [blank_start]number[blank_end]. The sum of the [blank_start]protons[blank_end] and [blank_start]neutrons[blank_end] in an atom is its mass number.
- Anumber
- Bprotons
- Catomic
- Dnumber
- Eprotons
- Fneutrons
8Electrons occupy particular [blank_start]energy[blank_end] [blank_start]levels[blank_end]. Each [blank_start]electron[blank_end] in an atom is at a particular energy level (in a particular [blank_start]shell[blank_end]). The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available [blank_start]shell[blank_end].
- Aenergy
- Blevels
- Celectron
- Dshell
- Eshell
9Elements in the same [blank_start]group[blank_end] in the periodic table have the same number of [blank_start]electrons[blank_end] in their highest energy level (outer [blank_start]shell[blank_end]) and this gives them similar [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] [blank_start]properties[blank_end].
- Agroup
- Belectrons
- Cshell
- Dchemical
- Eproperties
10The elements in Group [blank_start]0[blank_end] of the periodic table are called the [blank_start]noble[blank_end] [blank_start]gases[blank_end]. They are [blank_start]unreactive[blank_end] because their atoms have [blank_start]stable[blank_end] [blank_start]arrangements[blank_end] of electrons. Noble gases have [blank_start]eight[blank_end] electrons in their [blank_start]outer energy level[blank_end], except for [blank_start]helium[blank_end] which only has two electrons.
- A0
- Bnoble
- Cgases
- Dunreactive
- Earrangements
- Fstable
- Geight
- Hshell
- Ihelium
11When elements react, their atoms join with other atoms to form [blank_start]compounds[blank_end]. This involves [blank_start]giving[blank_end], [blank_start]taking[blank_end] or [blank_start]sharing[blank_end] electrons to form [blank_start]ions[blank_end] or [blank_start]molecules[blank_end]. Compounds formed from metals and non-metals consist of [blank_start]ions[blank_end]. Compounds formed from non-metals consist of [blank_start]molecules[blank_end]. In molecules the atoms are held together by [blank_start]covalent[blank_end] [blank_start]bonds[blank_end].
- Acompounds
- Bgiving
- Ctaking
- Dsharing
- Eions
- Fmolecules
- Gions
- Hmolecules
- Icovalent
- Jbonds
12Metals [blank_start]lose[blank_end] electrons to form [blank_start]positive[blank_end] ions, whereas non-metals [blank_start]gain[blank_end] electrons to form [blank_start]negative[blank_end] ions.
- Alose
- Bpositive
- Cgain
- Dnegative
13Chemical reactions can be represented by [blank_start]word[blank_end] equations or by [blank_start]symbol[blank_end] equations.
- Aword
- Bsymbol
14No atoms are [blank_start]lost[blank_end] or [blank_start]made[blank_end] during a chemical [blank_start]reaction[blank_end] so the mass of the products [blank_start]equals[blank_end] the mass of the reactants.
- Alost
- Bmade
- Creaction
- Dequals
15H - [blank_start]Hydrogen[blank_end]
He - [blank_start]Helium[blank_end]
[blank_start]Li[blank_end] - Lithium
Be- [blank_start]Beryllium[blank_end]
B - [blank_start]Boron[blank_end]- AHydrogen
- BHelium
- CLi
- DBeryllium
- EBoron
16C - [blank_start]Carbon[blank_end]
[blank_start]N[blank_end] - Nitrogen
O - [blank_start]Oxygen[blank_end]
F - [blank_start]Fluorine[blank_end]
[blank_start]Ne[blank_end] - Neon- ACarbon
- BN
- COxygen
- DFluorine
- ENe
17[blank_start]Na[blank_end] - Sodium
Mg - [blank_start]Magnesium[blank_end]
[blank_start]Al[blank_end] - Aluminium
Si - [blank_start]Silicon[blank_end]
P - [blank_start]Phosphorus[blank_end]- ANa
- BMagnesium
- CAl
- DSilicon
- EPhosphorus
18S - [blank_start]Sulfur[blank_end]
[blank_start]Cl[blank_end] - Chlorine
Ar - [blank_start]Argon[blank_end]
K - [blank_start]Potassium[blank_end]
[blank_start]Ca[blank_end] - Calcium- ASulfur
- BCl
- CArgon
- DPotassium
- ECa
19Limestone, mainly composed of the compound [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]carbonate[blank_end] (CaCO3), is [blank_start]quarried[blank_end] and can be used as a [blank_start]building[blank_end] material.
- Acalcium
- Bcarbonate
- Cquarried
- Dbuilding
20Calcium carbonate can be [blank_start]decomposed[blank_end] by [blank_start]heating[blank_end] ([blank_start]thermal[blank_end] [blank_start]decomposition[blank_end]) to make [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]oxide[blank_end] and [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end].
- Adecomposed
- Bheating
- Cthermal
- Ddecomposition
- Ecalcium
- Foxide
- Gcarbon
- Hdioxide
21The [blank_start]carbonates[blank_end] of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium [blank_start]decompose[blank_end] on heating in a similar way, but the carbonates of group [blank_start]1[blank_end] metals may not do so at the temperature of a [blank_start]Bunsen[blank_end] flame.
- Acarbonates
- Bdecompose
- C1
- DBunsen
22Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium [blank_start]hydroxide[blank_end], which is an [blank_start]alkali[blank_end] that can be used in the [blank_start]neutralisation[blank_end] of acids.
- Ahydroxide
- Balkali
- Cneutralisation
23A solution of calcium hydroxide in water ([blank_start]limewater[blank_end]) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce [blank_start]calcium[blank_end] [blank_start]carbonate[blank_end]. Limewater is used as a test for [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end]. Carbon dioxide turns limewater [blank_start]cloudy[blank_end].
- Alimewater
- Bcalcium
- Ccarbonate
- Dcloudy
- Ecarbon
- Fdioxide
24Rocks provide essential [blank_start]building[blank_end] [blank_start]materials[blank_end]. Limestone is a naturally occurring resource that provides a starting point for the manufacture of [blank_start]cement[blank_end] and [blank_start]concrete[blank_end].
- Abuilding
- Bmaterials
- Ccement
- Dconcrete
25Carbonates react with acids to produce [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end], a [blank_start]salt[blank_end] and [blank_start]water[blank_end]. Limestone is damaged by [blank_start]acid[blank_end] [blank_start]rain[blank_end].
- Acarbon
- Bdioxide
- Csalt
- Dwater
- Eacid
- Frain
26Limestone is heated with [blank_start]clay[blank_end] to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make [blank_start]mortar[blank_end] and with sand and [blank_start]aggregate[blank_end] to make [blank_start]concrete[blank_end].
- Aclay
- Bmortar
- Caggregate
- Dconcrete
27Metals are very useful in our everyday lives. Ores are naturally occurring [blank_start]rocks[blank_end] that provide an [blank_start]economic[blank_end] starting point for the [blank_start]manufacture[blank_end] of metals. Iron ore is used to make [blank_start]iron[blank_end] and [blank_start]steel[blank_end]. Copper can be easily [blank_start]extracted[blank_end] but copper-rich ores are becoming scarce so new methods of [blank_start]extracting[blank_end] copper are being developed. [blank_start]Aluminium[blank_end] and [blank_start]titanium[blank_end] are useful metals but are expensive to produce. Metals can be mixed together to make [blank_start]alloys[blank_end].
- Arocks
- Beconomic
- Cmanufacture
- Diron
- Esteel
- Fextracted
- Gextracting
- HAluminium
- Ititanium
- Jalloys
28Ores contain enough metal to make it [blank_start]economically[blank_end] [blank_start]viable[blank_end] to extract the metal. The economics of [blank_start]extraction[blank_end] may change over time.
- Aeconomically
- Bviable
- Cextraction
29Ores are mined and may be concentrated before the metal is [blank_start]extracted[blank_end] and [blank_start]purified[blank_end].
- Aextracted
- Bpurified
30Unreactive metals such as gold are found in the Earth as the metal itself but most metals are found as [blank_start]compounds[blank_end] that require [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] [blank_start]reactions[blank_end] to [blank_start]extract[blank_end] the metal.
- Acompounds
- Bchemical
- Creactions
- Dextract
31Metals that are [blank_start]less[blank_end] reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by [blank_start]reduction[blank_end] with carbon, for example iron oxide is reduced in the [blank_start]blast[blank_end] [blank_start]furnace[blank_end] to make iron.
- Aless
- Breduction
- Cblast
- Dfurnace
32Metals that are [blank_start]more[blank_end] reactive than [blank_start]carbon[blank_end], such as [blank_start]aluminium[blank_end], are extracted by [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end] of molten compounds. The use of [blank_start]large[blank_end] amounts of energy in the [blank_start]extraction[blank_end] of these metals makes them [blank_start]expensive[blank_end].
- Amore
- Bcarbon
- Caluminium
- Delectrolysis
- Elarge
- Fextraction
- Gexpensive
33Copper can be extracted from copper-rich ores by heating the ores in a furnace ([blank_start]smelting[blank_end]). The copper can be purified by [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end]. The supply of copper-rich ores is limited. Copper-rich ores are being depleted and traditional mining and extraction have major [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] impacts.
- Asmelting
- Belectrolysis
- Cenvironmental
34New ways of [blank_start]extracting[blank_end] copper from low-grade ores are being researched to limit the [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] impact of traditional mining.
Copper can be extracted by [blank_start]phytomining[blank_end], or by [blank_start]bioleaching[blank_end]. [blank_start]Phytomining[blank_end] uses plants to [blank_start]absorb[blank_end] metal compounds and that the plants are [blank_start]burned[blank_end] to produce ash that contains the [blank_start]metal[blank_end] compounds. [blank_start]Bioleaching[blank_end] uses [blank_start]bacteria[blank_end] to produce [blank_start]leachate[blank_end] solutions that contain metal compounds.- Aextracting
- Benvironmental
- Cphytomining
- Dbioleaching
- EPhytomining
- Fabsorb
- Gburned
- Hmetal
- IBioleaching
- Jbacteria
- Kleachate
35Copper can be obtained from solutions of copper salts by [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end] or by [blank_start]displacement[blank_end] using [blank_start]scrap[blank_end] [blank_start]iron[blank_end].
- Aelectrolysis
- Bdisplacement
- Cscrap
- Diron
36Aluminium and titanium cannot be extracted from their oxides by [blank_start]reduction[blank_end] with carbon. Current methods of extraction are expensive because a) there are many [blank_start]stages[blank_end] in the [blank_start]processes[blank_end] b) [blank_start]large[blank_end] [blank_start]amounts[blank_end] of [blank_start]energy[blank_end] are [blank_start]needed[blank_end].
- Areduction
- Bstages
- Cprocesses
- Dlarge
- Eamounts
- Fenergy
- Gneeded
37We should recycle metals because [blank_start]extracting[blank_end] them uses [blank_start]limited[blank_end] resources and is [blank_start]expensive[blank_end] in terms of [blank_start]energy[blank_end] and effects on the [blank_start]environment[blank_end].
- Aextracting
- Blimited
- Cexpensive
- Denergy
- Eenvironment
38Iron from the [blank_start]blast[blank_end] [blank_start]furnace[blank_end] contains about 96% iron. The impurities make it [blank_start]brittle[blank_end] and so it has [blank_start]limited[blank_end] uses.
- Ablast
- Bfurnace
- Cbrittle
- Dlimited
39Most iron is converted into steels. Steels are [blank_start]alloys[blank_end] since they are mixtures of iron with [blank_start]carbon[blank_end]. Some steels contain other metals. [blank_start]Alloys[blank_end] can be designed to have properties for [blank_start]specific[blank_end] uses. [blank_start]Low[blank_end]-carbon steels are easily shaped, [blank_start]high[blank_end]-carbon steels are hard, and [blank_start]stainless[blank_end] steels are resistant to corrosion.
- Aalloys
- Bcarbon
- CAlloys
- Dspecific
- ELow
- Fhigh
- Gstainless
40Most metals in everyday use are [blank_start]alloys[blank_end]. Pure copper, gold, iron and aluminium are too soft for many uses and so are mixed with small amounts of similar [blank_start]metals[blank_end] to make them [blank_start]harder[blank_end] for everyday use.
- Aalloys
- Bmetals
- Charder
41The elements in the central block of the periodic table are known as [blank_start]transition[blank_end] metals. Like other metals they are good [blank_start]conductors[blank_end] of heat and electricity and can be [blank_start]bent[blank_end] or hammered into shape. They are useful as [blank_start]structural[blank_end] materials and for making things that must allow heat or electricity to pass through easily.
- Atransition
- Bconductors
- Cbent
- Dstructural
42Copper has properties that make it useful for [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] [blank_start]wiring[blank_end] and [blank_start]plumbing[blank_end]. You should know and understand that copper is a [blank_start]good[blank_end] conductor of electricity and [blank_start]heat[blank_end], can be bent but is hard enough to be used to make [blank_start]pipes[blank_end] or [blank_start]tanks[blank_end], does not [blank_start]react[blank_end] with water.
- Aelectrical
- Bwiring
- Cplumbing
- Dgood
- Eheat
- Fpipes
- Gtanks
- Hreact
43[blank_start]Low[blank_end] density and [blank_start]resistance[blank_end] to [blank_start]corrosion[blank_end] make aluminium and titanium useful metals.
- Aresistance
- Bcorrosion
- CLow
44Crude oil is derived from an ancient [blank_start]biomass[blank_end] found in [blank_start]rocks[blank_end]. Many useful materials can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil can be [blank_start]fractionally[blank_end] [blank_start]distilled[blank_end]. Some of the [blank_start]fractions[blank_end] can be used as [blank_start]fuels[blank_end]. [blank_start]Biofuels[blank_end] are produced from plant material. There are advantages and disadvantages to their use as fuels. Fuels can come from [blank_start]renewable[blank_end] or [blank_start]non[blank_end]-[blank_start]renewable[blank_end] resources.
- Abiomass
- Brocks
- Cfractionally
- Ddistilled
- Efuels
- Ffractions
- GBiofuels
- Hrenewable
- Inon
- Jrenewable
45Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of [blank_start]compounds[blank_end].
- Acompounds
46A mixture consists of two or more [blank_start]elements[blank_end] or [blank_start]compounds[blank_end] not chemically [blank_start]combined[blank_end] together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are [blank_start]unchanged[blank_end]. It is possible to [blank_start]separate[blank_end] the substances in a mixture by physical methods including [blank_start]distillation[blank_end].
- Acompounds
- Belements
- Ccombined
- Dunchanged
- Eseparate
- Fdistillation
47Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only ([blank_start]hydrocarbons[blank_end]). Most of these are [blank_start]saturated[blank_end] [blank_start]hydrocarbons[blank_end] called [blank_start]alkanes[blank_end], which have the general formula [blank_start]C2H2n+2[blank_end]
- Ahydrocarbons
- Bsaturated
- Chydrocarbons
- Dalkanes
- EC2H2n+2
48[blank_start]Alkane[blank_end] molecules can be represented in the following forms: [blank_start]C2H6[blank_end]
H H
I I
H---C---C---H
I I
H H- AC2H6
- BAlkane
49The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into [blank_start]fractions[blank_end], each of which contains molecules with a similar number of [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]atoms[blank_end], by [blank_start]evaporating[blank_end] the oil and allowing it to [blank_start]condense[blank_end] at a number of different temperatures. This process is [blank_start]fractional[blank_end] [blank_start]distillation[blank_end].
- Acarbon
- Batoms
- Cevaporating
- Dcondense
- Efractional
- Fdistillation
- Gfractions
50Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the [blank_start]size[blank_end] of their molecules. These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.
- Asize
51Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen and may also contain some sulphur. The gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end], [blank_start]water[blank_end] (vapour), [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]monoxide[blank_end], [blank_start]sulphur[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] and oxides of [blank_start]nitrogen[blank_end]. Solid particles ([blank_start]particulates[blank_end]) may also be released.
- Acarbon
- Bdioxide
- Cwater
- Dcarbon
- Emonoxide
- Fsulphur
- Gdioxide
- Hnitrogen
- Iparticulates
52The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases [blank_start]energy[blank_end]. During [blank_start]combustion[blank_end] the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are [blank_start]oxides[blank_end].
- Aenergy
- Bcombustion
- Coxidised
53Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause [blank_start]acid[blank_end] [blank_start]rain[blank_end], carbon dioxide causes [blank_start]global[blank_end] [blank_start]warming[blank_end], and solid particles (particulates) cause [blank_start]global[blank_end] [blank_start]dimming[blank_end].
- Aacid
- Brain
- Cglobal
- Dwarming
- Eglobal
- Fdimming
54Sulphur can be [blank_start]removed[blank_end] from fuels before they are burned, for example in vehicles. Sulphur dioxide can be removed from the [blank_start]waste[blank_end] gases after [blank_start]combustion[blank_end], for example in [blank_start]power[blank_end] [blank_start]stations[blank_end].
- Aremoved
- Bwaste
- Ccombustion
- Dpower
- Estations
55Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanol, are produced from [blank_start]plant[blank_end] [blank_start]material[blank_end]. There are [blank_start]economic[blank_end], [blank_start]ethical[blank_end] and [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] issues surrounding their use.
- Aplant
- Bmaterial
- Ceconomic
- Dethical
- Eenvironmental
56Fractions from the distillation of crude oil can be broken down ([blank_start]cracked[blank_end]) to make smaller molecules including [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end] hydrocarbons such as [blank_start]ethene[blank_end]. [blank_start]Unsaturated[blank_end] hydrocarbons can be used to make [blank_start]polymers[blank_end] and ethene an be used to make [blank_start]ethanol[blank_end]. Ethanol can also be made by [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end].
- Acracked
- Bunsaturated
- Cethene
- DUnsaturated
- Epolymers
- Fethanol
- Gfermentation
57Hydrocarbons can be cracked to produce smaller, more useful molecules. This process involves [blank_start]heating[blank_end] the hydrocarbons to [blank_start]vaporise[blank_end] them. The [blank_start]vapours[blank_end] are either passed over a hot [blank_start]catalyst[blank_end] or mixed with [blank_start]steam[blank_end] and heated to a [blank_start]very[blank_end] [blank_start]high[blank_end] [blank_start]temperature[blank_end] so that [blank_start]thermal[blank_end] [blank_start]decompositions[blank_end] reactions then occur.
- Aheating
- Bvaporise
- Cvapours
- Dcatalyst
- Esteam
- Fvery
- Ghigh
- Htemperature
- Ithermal
- Jdecompositions
58The products of cracking include alkanes and [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end] hydrocarbons called [blank_start]alkenes[blank_end]. [blank_start]Alkenes[blank_end] have the general formula [blank_start]CnH2n[blank_end].
- Aunsaturated
- Balkenes
- CAlkenes
- DCnH2n
59Unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules can be represented in the following forms:
[blank_start]C3H6[blank_end]
H H H
I I I
H - C - C = C
I I
H H- AC3H6
60[blank_start]Alkenes[blank_end] react with bromine water, turning it from [blank_start]orange[blank_end] to [blank_start]colourless[blank_end]
- AAlkenes
- Bcolourless
- Corange
61Some of the products of [blank_start]cracking[blank_end] are useful as [blank_start]fuels[blank_end].
- Acracking
- Bfuels
62Alkenes can be used to make polymers such as poly([blank_start]ethene[blank_end]) and poly([blank_start]propene[blank_end]). In these reactions, many small molecules ([blank_start]monomers[blank_end]) join together to form very large molecules ([blank_start]polymers[blank_end]).
- Aethene
- Bpropene
- Cmonomers
- Dpolymers
63[blank_start]Polymers[blank_end] have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example: new packaging materials, waterproof coatings for fabrics, dental polymers, wound dressings, hydrogels, smart materials (including shape memory [blank_start]polymers[blank_end]).
- Apolymers
- BPolymers
64Many polymers are not [blank_start]biodegradable[blank_end], so they are not broken down by [blank_start]microbes[blank_end] and this can lead to problems with waste disposal.
- Abiodegradable
- Bmicrobes
65Plastic bags are being made from [blank_start]polymers[blank_end] and cornstarch so that they break down more easily. [blank_start]Biodegradable[blank_end] plastics made from [blank_start]cornstarch[blank_end] have been developed.
- Apolymers
- BBiodegradable
- Ccornstarch
66Ethanol can be produced by [blank_start]hydration[blank_end] of [blank_start]ethene[blank_end] with [blank_start]steam[blank_end] in the presence of a [blank_start]catalyst[blank_end].
- Ahydration
- Bethene
- Csteam
- Dcatalyst
67Ethanol can also be produced by [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] with [blank_start]yeast[blank_end], using renewable resources. This can be represented by:
[blank_start]Sugar[blank_end]--> [blank_start]Carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] + [blank_start]ethanol[blank_end]- Afermentation
- Byeast
- CSugar
- DCarbon
- Edioxide
- Fethanol
68Many plants produce useful oils that can be converted into consumer products including processed foods. [blank_start]Emulsions[blank_end] can be made and have a number of uses. Vegetable oils can be [blank_start]hardened[blank_end] to make margarine. [blank_start]Biodiesel[blank_end] fuel can be produced from [blank_start]vegetable[blank_end] [blank_start]oils[blank_end].
- AEmulsions
- Bhardened
- CBiodiesel
- Dvegetable
- Eoils
69Some fruits, seeds and nuts are rich in oils that can be [blank_start]extracted[blank_end]. The plant material is [blank_start]crushed[blank_end] and the oil removed by [blank_start]pressing[blank_end] or in some cases by [blank_start]distillation[blank_end]. Water and other [blank_start]impurities[blank_end] are removed.
- Aextracted
- Bcrushed
- Cpressing
- Ddistillation
- Eimpurities
70Vegetable oils are important foods and fuels as they provide a lot of [blank_start]energy[blank_end]. They also provide us with [blank_start]nutrients[blank_end].
- Aenergy
- Bnutrients
71Vegetable oils have [blank_start]higher[blank_end] [blank_start]boiling[blank_end] [blank_start]points[blank_end] than water and so can be used to [blank_start]food[blank_end] foods at [blank_start]higher[blank_end] [blank_start]temperatures[blank_end] than by [blank_start]boiling[blank_end], This produces quicker cooking and different flavours but increases the energy that the food [blank_start]releases[blank_end] when it is eaten.
- Aboiling
- Bpoints
- Chigher
- Dcook
- Ehigher
- Ftemperatures
- Gboiling
- Hreleases
72Oils do not [blank_start]dissolve[blank_end] in water. They can be used to produce [blank_start]emulsions[blank_end]. [blank_start]Emulsions[blank_end] are thicker than oil or water and have many uses that depend on their special [blank_start]properties[blank_end]. They provide better texture, coating ability and appearance, for example in salad dressings, ice creams, cosmetics and paints. [blank_start]Emulsifiers[blank_end] have [blank_start]hydrophilic[blank_end] and [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end] properties.
- Adissolve
- Bemulsions
- CEmulsions
- Dproperties
- EEmulsifiers
- Fhydrophilic
- Ghydrophobic
73Vegetable oils that are [blank_start]unsaturated[blank_end] contain [blank_start]double[blank_end] [blank_start]carbon[blank_end]-[blank_start]carbon[blank_end] bonds. These can be detected by reacting with [blank_start]bromine[blank_end] water.
- Aunsaturated
- Bdouble
- Ccarbon
- Dcarbon
- Ebromine
74Vegetable oils that are unsaturated can be [blank_start]hardened[blank_end] by reacting them with [blank_start]hydrogen[blank_end] in the presence of a [blank_start]nickel[blank_end] [blank_start]catalyst[blank_end] at about [blank_start]60[blank_end] degrees C. [blank_start]Hydrogen[blank_end] adds to the [blank_start]carbon[blank_end]-[blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]double[blank_end] [blank_start]bonds[blank_end]. The [blank_start]hydrogenated[blank_end] oils have higher melting points so they are solids at room temperature, making them useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries.
- Ahardened
- Bhydrogen
- Cnickel
- Dcatalyst
- E60
- FHydrogen
- Gcarbon
- Hcarbon
- Idouble
- Jbonds
- Khydrogenated
75The Earth and its atmosphere provide everything we need. The Earth has a [blank_start]layered[blank_end] [blank_start]structure[blank_end]. The surface of the Earth and its atmosphere has [blank_start]changed[blank_end] since the Earth was formed and is still [blank_start]changing[blank_end]. The atmosphere has been much the same for the last 200 million years and provides the conditions needed for [blank_start]life[blank_end] on Earth. Recently human activities have resulted in further [blank_start]changes[blank_end] in the atmosphere. There is more than one [blank_start]theory[blank_end] about how life was formed.
- Alayered
- Bstructure
- Cchanged
- Dchanging
- Elife
- Fchanges
- Gtheory
76The Earth consists of a [blank_start]core[blank_end], [blank_start]mantle[blank_end] and [blank_start]crust[blank_end], and is surrounded by the [blank_start]atmosphere[blank_end].
- Acore
- Bmantle
- Ccrust
- Datmosphere
77The Earth's [blank_start]crust[blank_end] and the [blank_start]upper[blank_end] [blank_start]part[blank_end] of the [blank_start]mantle[blank_end] are cracked into a number of large pieces ([blank_start]tectonic[blank_end] [blank_start]plates[blank_end]).
- Atectonic
- Bplates
- Ccrust
- Dmantle
- Eupper
- Fpart
78[blank_start]Convection[blank_end] [blank_start]currents[blank_end] within the Earth's mantle driven by [blank_start]heat[blank_end] released by natural [blank_start]radioactive[blank_end] processes cause the [blank_start]plates[blank_end] to [blank_start]move[blank_end] at relative speeds of a few centimetres per year.
- AConvection
- Bcurrents
- Cheat
- Dradioactive
- Eplates
- Fmove
79The movements can be sudden and disastrous. [blank_start]Earthquakes[blank_end] and / or [blank_start]volcanic[blank_end] [blank_start]eruptions[blank_end] occur at the [blank_start]boundaries[blank_end] between [blank_start]tectonic[blank_end] plates.
- AEarthquakes
- Bvolcanic
- Ceruptions
- Dboundaries
- Etectonic
80For 200 million years, the proportions of different gases in the atmosphere have been much the same as they are today:
- about [blank_start]four[blank_end] [blank_start]fifths[blank_end] ([blank_start]80[blank_end]%) nitrogen
- about [blank_start]one[blank_end] [blank_start]fifth[blank_end] ([blank_start]20[blank_end]%) oxygen
- small proportions of various other gases, including [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end], [blank_start]water[blank_end] [blank_start]vapour[blank_end] and [blank_start]noble[blank_end] gases- Afour
- Bfifths
- C80
- Done
- Efifth
- F20
- Gcarbon
- Hdioxide
- Iwater
- Jvapour
- Knoble
81During the first billion years of the Earth's existence there was intense [blank_start]volcanic[blank_end] activity. This activity released the [blank_start]gases[blank_end] that formed the early [blank_start]atmosphere[blank_end] anew [blank_start]water[blank_end] [blank_start]vapour[blank_end] that [blank_start]condensed[blank_end] to form the [blank_start]oceans[blank_end].
- Avolcanic
- Bgases
- Catmosphere
- Dwater
- Evapour
- Fcondensed
- Goceans
82There are several theories about how the atmosphere was formed. One theory suggests that during this period the Earth's atmosphere was mainly [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] and there would have been little or no [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] gas (like the atmospheres of Mars and Venus today). There may also have been [blank_start]water[blank_end] [blank_start]vapour[blank_end] and small proportions of [blank_start]methane[blank_end] and ammonia.
- Acarbon
- Bdioxide
- Coxygen
- Dwater
- Evapour
- Fmethane
83There are many theories as to how life was formed billions of years ago. There was only one theory as to how life was formed which involved the [blank_start]interaction[blank_end] between [blank_start]hydrocarbons[blank_end], [blank_start]ammonia[blank_end] and [blank_start]lightning[blank_end] which was the [blank_start]Miller[blank_end]-[blank_start]Urey[blank_end] [blank_start]Experiment[blank_end].
- Ainteraction
- Bhydrocarbons
- Cammonia
- Dlightning
- EMiller
- FUrey
- GExperiment
84[blank_start]Plants[blank_end] and [blank_start]algae[blank_end] produced the [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] that is now in the atmosphere.
- APlants
- Balgae
- Coxygen
85Most of the carbon from the carbon dioxide in the air gradually became locked up in [blank_start]sedimentary[blank_end] [blank_start]rocks[blank_end] as [blank_start]carbonates[blank_end] and [blank_start]fossil[blank_end] [blank_start]fuels[blank_end].
- Asedimentary
- Brocks
- Ccarbonates
- Dfossil
- Efuels
86The oceans also act as a [blank_start]reservoir[blank_end] for [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end] but increased amounts of carbon dioxide [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] by the [blank_start]oceans[blank_end] has an impact on the [blank_start]marine[blank_end] [blank_start]environment[blank_end].
- Areservoir
- Bcarbon
- Cdioxide
- Dabsorbed
- Eoceans
- Fmarine
- Genvironment
87Nowadays the release of carbon dioxide by [blank_start]burning[blank_end] fossil fuels [blank_start]increases[blank_end] the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
- Aincreases
- Bburning
88Air is a [blank_start]mixture[blank_end] of gases with [blank_start]different[blank_end] [blank_start]boiling[blank_end] [blank_start]points[blank_end] and can be [blank_start]fractionally[blank_end] [blank_start]distilled[blank_end] to provide a source of [blank_start]raw[blank_end] [blank_start]materials[blank_end] used in a variety of [blank_start]industrial[blank_end] processes.
- Amixture
- Bdifferent
- Cboiling
- Dpoints
- Efractionally
- Fdistilled
- Graw
- Hmaterials
- Iindustrial
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- Description
- Quiz on Chemistry C1 Test, created by Georgina Parker on 26/11/2015.
- Author
- Georgina Parker
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- English
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