1_1_Geography: Physical

1. 1[blank_start]Deep[blank_end] below the middle of the [blank_start]atlantic[blank_end] ocean there is a [blank_start]long narrow chain of mountains[blank_end]. They were formed when [blank_start]plates separated.[blank_end] They were formed when plates separated. Some of the peaks of this ridge rise above the surface of the sea to form volcanic islands eg. Iceland.
   

   1. Aatlantic
   2. Bpacific
   3. Clong narrow chain of mountains
   4. Dshort wide hillls
   5. EDeep
   6. FShallow
   7. Gplates separated.
   8. Hplates collided
2. 2Plates sliding past each other- When two plates slide past each other they may get [blank_start]stuck, pressure builds up[blank_end] until the plates slip past. This [blank_start]causes an earthquake[blank_end]. This happens a lot in [blank_start]California[blank_end], where there is the [blank_start]san andreas fault[blank_end] which is a [blank_start]long crack on the earths surface[blank_end]. When two plates separate they [blank_start]leave a gap[blank_end] which is [blank_start]filled by magma[blank_end] from the [blank_start]mantle.[blank_end] The magma rises to the surface and is then called lava this lava cools and hardens and is then [blank_start]solid rock.[blank_end]

   1. Astuck, pressure builds up
   2. Bcauses an earthquake
   3. CCalifornia
   4. Dsan andreas fault
   5. Elong crack on the earths surface
   6. Fleave a gap
   7. Gfilled by magma
   8. Hmantle.
   9. Isolid rock.
3. 3Volcanoes- Occur when [blank_start]two plates separate.[blank_end] The [blank_start]magma can force its way[blank_end] up to the surface through a [blank_start]narrow opening[blank_end] or hole in the crust called a [blank_start]vent.[blank_end] When magma reaches the surface its then called lava, it cools and hardens, after many eruptions [blank_start]lava builds up in layers[blank_end] and forms a cone shape mountain.At the top of the mountain there is a huge opening called a [blank_start]crater[blank_end]. When volcanoes erupt, hot ash,cinders,poisonous gases and pumice are blasted into the air. Pumice is a light lava.

   1. Atwo plates separate.
   2. Bmagma can force its way
   3. Cnarrow opening
   4. Dvent.
   5. Elava builds up in layers
   6. Fcrater
4. 4Earthquakes take place where [blank_start]plates collide and slide past each other[blank_end]. When plates collide they might get [blank_start]stuck,pressure builds up[blank_end] until they slide past each other.This causes the [blank_start]rocks to bend and then crack suddenly[blank_end]. When this happens [blank_start]shock waves spread out form the focus[blank_end] , the place underground where the plates are colliding. The shock waves may cause the earths surface to [blank_start]tremble or shake for several seconds .[blank_end] The earthquake is strongest at the [blank_start]epicenter[blank_end] the place on the surface directly above the focus.

   1. Aplates collide and slide past each other
   2. Bstuck,pressure builds up
   3. Crocks to bend and then crack suddenly
   4. Dshock waves spread out form the focus
   5. Etremble or shake for several seconds .
   6. Fepicenter
5. 5Fold mountains are formed when [blank_start]two plates collide witch each other[blank_end].The top of the foldis the [blank_start]anticline[blank_end]. The dip between the folds is the [blank_start]syncline[blank_end].Example Alps,Himalayas and the Andes. The highest in Ireland are the [blank_start]Macgillcuddy reeks in Munster[blank_end]. They were formed [blank_start]250 million years ago[blank_end] and are called the [blank_start]Armorican fold mountains.[blank_end]

   1. Atwo plates collide witch each other
   2. Banticline
   3. Csyncline
   4. DMacgillcuddy reeks in Munster
   5. E250 million years ago
   6. FArmorican fold mountains.
6. 6The slopes of the mountains are excellent for growing trees

   1. ATrue
   2. BFalse
7. 7The beautiful scenery attracts many tourist all year round such as walkers and skiers. This means more jobs and services for the ares.

   1. ATrue
   2. BFalse
8. 8In the Alps the steep slopes and the wide valleys are ideal for building hydroelectric power plants. The rivers flow quickly down the slopes so their energy are use in homes and factories

   1. ATrue
   2. BFalse
9. 9The valleys are sheltered and so dairy milk cattle do well.

   1. ATrue
   2. BFalse
10. 10Igneous rocks- are formed as a result of [blank_start]volcanic activity[blank_end]. [blank_start]Hot molten magma escapes[blank_end] from the [blank_start]mantle[blank_end]. It cools and hardens quickly into rock on the [blank_start]earths surface[blank_end] or [blank_start]slowly deep inside the crust.[blank_end] Example Igneous and Granite.

    1. Avolcanic activity
    2. BHot molten magma escapes
    3. Cmantle
    4. Dearths surface
    5. Eslowly deep inside the crust.

11. 11Basalt is a [blank_start]hard black rock.[blank_end] It formed when lava cooled [blank_start]at the earths surface[blank_end]. The lava cooled [blank_start]quickly[blank_end]. Found in [blank_start]Antrim Plateau or Giants causeway[blank_end]. Used for [blank_start]road chippings[blank_end]. Hard black rock smooth found in Antrim when lava cooled top.

    1. Ahard black rock.
    2. Bat the earths surface
    3. Cquickly
    4. DAntrim Plateau or Giants causeway
    5. Eroad chippings
12. 12Granite- is a [blank_start]hard rough and multi colored rock[blank_end]. Pink,grey, green colour. Formed when [blank_start]magma cooled deep within[blank_end] the [blank_start]earths crust[blank_end]. The [blank_start]magma cooled slowly and large crystals[blank_end] formed. Found in [blank_start]wicklow or mourne mountains.[blank_end] Used in building worktops and fireplaces.Grey rough and cooled in the earth.

    1. Ahard rough and multi colored rock
    2. Bearths crust
    3. Cmagma cooled slowly and large crystals
    4. Dmagma cooled deep within
    5. Ewicklow or mourne mountains.
13. 13Sedimentary Rocks. Many types. Formed from [blank_start]bits of other rocks,[blank_end] plants or creatures which were [blank_start]crushed together[blank_end] on the [blank_start]sea floor to form a new rock.[blank_end]

    1. Abits of other rocks,
    2. Bcrushed together
    3. Csea floor to form a new rock.
14. 14Limestone-Is made up from the [blank_start]remain of sea creatures[blank_end] which have been [blank_start]compressed on the sea floor[blank_end] for over [blank_start]millions of years.[blank_end] It is a [blank_start]smooth rock and grey in colour[blank_end]. Contains [blank_start]calcium carbonate[blank_end] which comes from the bones of sea creatures .Found in the c[blank_start]entral plains of ireland[blank_end] and in the burren in co.clare. Used for monuments,buildings and cement

    1. Aremain of sea creatures
    2. Bcompressed on the sea floor
    3. Cmillions of years.
    4. Dsmooth rock and grey in colour
    5. Ecalcium carbonate
    6. Fentral plains of ireland
15. 15Sandstone- made from the [blank_start]grains of the sand[blank_end] that were buried [blank_start]under the sea[blank_end] and [blank_start]compressed to form a solid rock.[blank_end] [blank_start]Yellow or dark red[blank_end] in colour and is a [blank_start]smooth rock.[blank_end] Found in the [blank_start]mountains of Cork and Kerry.[blank_end] Used for patios and buildings.

    1. Agrains of the sand
    2. Bunder the sea
    3. Ccompressed to form a solid rock.
    4. DYellow or dark red
    5. Esmooth rock.
    6. Fmountains of Cork and Kerry.
16. 16Coal is made from [blank_start]decayed vegetation[blank_end] that has been [blank_start]buried underneath the sea[blank_end].Black in colour used as a fuel. Found in [blank_start]arigna co leitrim.[blank_end]

    1. Adecayed vegetation
    2. Bburied underneath the sea
    3. Carigna co leitrim.
17. 17Metamorphic rocks[blank_start]-Igneous or sedimentary rocks[blank_end] can sometimes be changed completely when they come under [blank_start]great heat or pressure.[blank_end] These rocks can be changed into hard metamorphic rocks such as marble or quartzite.

    1. A-Igneous or sedimentary rocks
    2. Bgreat heat or pressure.
18. 18Marble -[blank_start]Magma can rise from the mantle[blank_end] and [blank_start]heat the limestone[blank_end] and make it [blank_start]extremely hot.[blank_end] When it coolsit forms a new rock called marble. It has [blank_start]different colours[blank_end] and is used to make fireplaces,headstones,sculptures and ornaments. Found in [blank_start]Connemara (green) and Cork ( red).[blank_end]

    1. AMagma can rise from the mantle
    2. Bheat the limestone
    3. Cextremely hot.
    4. Ddifferent colours
    5. EConnemara (green) and Cork ( red).
19. 19Quartzite[blank_start]-Sandstone[blank_end] changed to quartzite when [blank_start]put under great pressure[blank_end] . [blank_start]Hard rock,yellowish[blank_end] in colour found in [blank_start]Donegal on Mt.Errigal[blank_end]. Used for watches and road chippings and sandpaper and glass.

    1. A-Sandstone
    2. Bput under great pressure
    3. CHard rock,yellowish
    4. DDonegal on Mt.Errigal
20. 20Erosion is where the landscape is shaped by [blank_start]ice,wind,rivers and sea.[blank_end]
    (Weathering) (Erosion)
    Rain+frost+heat + Rivers,ice,sea,wind= Denudation

    1. Aice,wind,rivers and sea.
21. 21Free thaw action occurs when [blank_start]water enters the cracks in rock.[blank_end] At [blank_start]night water freezes and expands by 10%.[blank_end] This [blank_start]widens the cracks.[blank_end] When this happens [blank_start]again and again[blank_end] the [blank_start]rock eventually breaks[blank_end].(Scree)

    1. Awater enters the cracks in rock.
    2. Bnight water freezes and expands by 10%.
    3. Cwidens the cracks.
    4. Dagain and again
    5. Erock eventually breaks
22. 22This type of rock breakdown happens on mountains where it is cold. This is where frost would be common . Example Croagh Patrick, Co.Mayo. Freeze Thaw Action.

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
23. 23Chemical Weathering happens when [blank_start]rainwater mixes[blank_end] the [blank_start]minerals in some rocks.[blank_end]

    1. Arainwater mixes
    2. Bminerals in some rocks.
24. 24Oxidation happens to [blank_start]rocks which has iron in them[blank_end]. [blank_start]Rainwater and oxygen[blank_end] in the [blank_start]air attack the rock[blank_end] and the iron crumbles and rock break down.

    1. Arocks which has iron in them
    2. BRainwater and oxygen
    3. Cair attack the rock
25. 25Carbonation happens when [blank_start]carbon dioxide mixes with rainwater[blank_end] and [blank_start]dissolves minerals in rocks.[blank_end] Calcium carbonate is easily dissolved.

    1. Acarbon dioxide mixes with rainwater
    2. Bdissolves minerals in rocks.
26. 26Acid Rain- is caused when [blank_start]gases from car exhaust[blank_end] and [blank_start]chimneys pollute the air[blank_end] these [blank_start]gases mix with rainwater[blank_end] to make acid rain. When [blank_start]coal,oil or other fossil fuels[blank_end] are [blank_start]burned in factories,houses[blank_end] or motor vehicles dioxide or [blank_start]nitrogen oxide[blank_end] are released in the air. These gases combine to [blank_start]form weak sulfuric and nitric acids[blank_end].Blown along by the wind and fall to the earth as acid rain which harms crops,trees,fish life , human health and buildings.

    1. Agases from car exhaust
    2. Bchimneys pollute the air
    3. Cgases mix with rainwater
    4. Dcoal,oil or other fossil fuels
    5. Eburned in factories,houses
    6. Fnitrogen oxide
    7. Gform weak sulfuric and nitric acids
27. 27The Burren is a [blank_start]karst landscape[blank_end]. The surface consists [blank_start]largely of bare rock[blank_end]. As rainwater pass through the [blank_start]atmosphere[blank_end] it takes in [blank_start]carbon dioxide[blank_end] this reacts with the [blank_start]calcium carbonate in limestone[blank_end] causing it to [blank_start]dissolve slowly.[blank_end] Limestone is [blank_start]permeable[blank_end] which means waters able to pass through it. It is easy for the rainwater to pass through limestone as it is made up of [blank_start]layers called strata.[blank_end] It seeps through the [blank_start]spaces between the layers.[blank_end]

    1. Akarst landscape
    2. Blargely of bare rock
    3. Catmosphere
    4. Dcarbon dioxide
    5. Ecalcium carbonate in limestone
    6. Fdissolve slowly.
    7. Gpermeable
    8. Hlayers called strata.
    9. Ispaces between the layers.
28. 28Grikes are the deep grooves you find in limestone pavement.
    Clints- are blocks of limestone which separate the grikes

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
29. 29Swallow holes = Rivers [blank_start]cannot flow for long distances[blank_end] in a [blank_start]karst landscape[blank_end]. When rivers enter an [blank_start]area of permeable[blank_end] rock like [blank_start]limestone they disappear underground .[blank_end] They go through the grikes these [blank_start]grikes enlarge into hole[blank_end]s called swallow holes.

    1. Acannot flow for long distances
    2. Bkarst landscape
    3. Carea of permeable
    4. Dlimestone they disappear underground .
    5. Egrikes enlarge into hole
30. 30Pillar- When a stalactite and stalagmite join up they form a pillar.

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
31. 31Stalactite- Drops of water containing [blank_start]dissolved limestone[blank_end] may [blank_start]form slowly and evaporate[blank_end] on the [blank_start]roof of the cave[blank_end] . Each drop leaves a [blank_start]tiny speck of calcite([blank_end] from calcium carbonate) [blank_start]attached to the roof[blank_end] . Over thousands of years these specks develop into stalactites- [blank_start]slender columns of calcite[blank_end] which hang from the cave roof.

    1. Adissolved limestone
    2. Bform slowly and evaporate
    3. Croof of the cave
    4. Dtiny speck of calcite(
    5. Eattached to the roof
    6. Fslender columns of calcite
32. 32Stalagmites- When [blank_start]drops of water falls[blank_end] onto the cave floor and [blank_start]evaporate they cause calcite to build up[blank_end] in the form of stalagmites. Which ar[blank_start]e thicker columns of calcite[blank_end] which form on the floor directly under stalactites.

    1. Adrops of water falls
    2. Bevaporate they cause calcite to build up
    3. Ce thicker columns of calcite
33. 33Soil creep- is a type of mass movement. [blank_start]Very slow type ,[blank_end] you [blank_start]do not see it happening.[blank_end] It happens on [blank_start]very gentle slopes[blank_end]. The soil and pieces of rock [blank_start]creep down the hill pulled by gravity.[blank_end]
    Examples telegraph poles are tilted,trees grow at angle as trunks curve. Wooden fences tilted or broken. Steps called terracettes form on the slope.

    1. AVery slow type ,
    2. Bdo not see it happening.
    3. Cvery gentle slopes
    4. Dcreep down the hill pulled by gravity.
34. 34Landslide is a very fast type of mass moment. It is [blank_start]common on steep slopes.[blank_end] They can h[blank_start]appen very quickly with no warning[blank_end] as rock and soil slide down the slope . It may bring houses, roads or [blank_start]whatever that gets in its way.[blank_end]

    1. Acommon on steep slopes.
    2. Bappen very quickly with no warning
    3. Cwhatever that gets in its way.
35. 35Bog burst this type of movement can be [blank_start]fast or slow.[blank_end] It happens when there is [blank_start]movement of bog or peat down a slope[blank_end] the bog becomes [blank_start]saturated with water[blank_end] and is therefore [blank_start]much heavier moves down a slope.[blank_end]

    1. Afast or slow.
    2. Bmovement of bog or peat down a slope
    3. Csaturated with water
    4. Dmuch heavier moves down a slope.
36. 36Avalanche is a mass movement of snow[blank_start].Fast type[blank_end]. Occurs when there is a [blank_start]sudden noise or earthquake[blank_end] or [blank_start]after heavy snowfall.[blank_end]

    1. A.Fast type
    2. Bsudden noise or earthquake
    3. Cafter heavy snowfall.
37. 37In the youthful stage of a river are [blank_start]usually small in volume[blank_end]. They usually flow down [blank_start]steep slopes[blank_end] . In this stage there will be [blank_start]erosion .[blank_end]Rivers erode their bed in different ways.
    [blank_start]Hydraulic action[blank_end] this is the force of the moving waters which breaks off the material from the bed and banks of the river.
    [blank_start]Abrasion[blank_end] the river uses stones it is carrying to erode the bed and banks of the river. The material that a river carries is called a load.
    [blank_start]Solution[blank_end] the water dissolves some minerals in the rocks and washes them away.
    Features-V shaped valleys
    These valleys have [blank_start]steep sides and very narrow floors[blank_end]. Formed by hydraulic action, abrasion and solution.
    Interlocking spurs-
    These are [blank_start]projections of high ground[blank_end] which seem to lock into each other from [blank_start]both sides of a young river valley[blank_end]. The tends to [blank_start]develop a winding course[blank_end] as it forces [blank_start]to flow around obstacles of hard rock.[blank_end]Waterfalls these are falls of water caused by [blank_start]a sudden drop in the course of a river.[blank_end] A b[blank_start]and of hard rock crosses the river bed.[blank_end]River cannot erode the hard rock quickly so it [blank_start]erodes the soft rock downstream[blank_end] from the hard rock. So there is a [blank_start]sudden drop and the river falls[blank_end] over this drop[blank_start]. eg powers court waterfall[blank_end] in the river dargle co wicklow glencar waterfall co leitrim.
    Features- steep fast flowing rivers little water lots of erosion steep v shaped valleys narrow shallow channel. High bed load(larger rocks)

    1. Ausually small in volume
    2. Bsteep slopes
    3. Cerosion .
    4. DHydraulic action
    5. EAbrasion
    6. FSolution
    7. Gsteep sides and very narrow floors
    8. Hprojections of high ground
    9. Iboth sides of a young river valley
    10. Jdevelop a winding course
    11. Kto flow around obstacles of hard rock.
    12. La sudden drop in the course of a river.
    13. Mand of hard rock crosses the river bed.
    14. Nerodes the soft rock downstream
    15. Osudden drop and the river falls
    16. P. eg powers court waterfall
38. 38In the mature stage r[blank_start]ivers tend to be bigger[blank_end] as they have received the waters of many [blank_start]tributaries[blank_end] . The river transports [blank_start]large loads of material.[blank_end]
    Meanders- these are the [blank_start]curves in course of the river[blank_end] . Once [blank_start]a river develops a winding course[blank_end] it becomes more and [blank_start]more pronounced until it form meanders[blank_end]. Water flows more [blank_start]quickly on the outside of each bend[blank_end] and so erodes the river bank. Water flows more [blank_start]slowly on the inside of each bend[blank_end] and deposits material there.
    Oxbow lakes is a [blank_start]horseshoe shaped lake[blank_end].Formed when [blank_start]meander was cut off as the neck[blank_end] became [blank_start]very tight,[blank_end] the [blank_start]river breaks through[blank_end]. The [blank_start]loop is cut off[blank_end] from the main river when [blank_start]sediment is dropped at its entrance[blank_end] . The cut off loop is the oxbow lake.
    In the mature stage river starts to slow down,more water,still eroding,open gently sloping,valley with flood plain, wider deeper channel, more suspended sediment.

    1. Aivers tend to be bigger
    2. Btributaries
    3. Clarge loads of material.
    4. Dcurves in course of the river
    5. Ea river develops a winding course
    6. Fmore pronounced until it form meanders
    7. Gquickly on the outside of each bend
    8. Hslowly on the inside of each bend
    9. Ihorseshoe shaped lake
    10. Jmeander was cut off as the neck
    11. Kvery tight,
    12. Lriver breaks through
    13. Mloop is cut off
    14. Nsediment is dropped at its entrance
39. 39In the old stag[blank_start]e rivers slow down[blank_end] when they [blank_start]enter almost flat land of old age.[blank_end] Slow moving rivers cannot carry [blank_start]large loads so it deposits it.[blank_end]
    Flood plains are [blank_start]areas of level land alongside a river[blank_end] which are sometimes flooded by the rivers. Unable to carry all its load it [blank_start]deposits it on its bed[blank_end]. This [blank_start]raises the level of the water[blank_end]. In times of [blank_start]heavy rainfall the water may rise[blank_end] further [blank_start]overflowing its banks[blank_end] and [blank_start]flooding the land beside it[blank_end]. [blank_start]Deposits alluvium soil[blank_end] which is very fertile.
    
    Levees are formed by [blank_start]deposition.[blank_end] [blank_start]Narrow ridged of alluvial deposits[blank_end] found along the [blank_start]banks of old river[blank_end]s. River drops load as it leaves the river banks . After flooding a few times the [blank_start]material builds up[blank_end] to form a [blank_start]ridge along the rivers bank.[blank_end] [blank_start]Artificial levee[blank_end]s along the rivers [blank_start]prevent the river from flooding[blank_end] the surrounding land.

    1. Ae rivers slow down
    2. Benter almost flat land of old age.
    3. Clarge loads so it deposits it.
    4. Dareas of level land alongside a river
    5. Edeposits it on its bed
    6. Fraises the level of the water
    7. Gheavy rainfall the water may rise
    8. Hoverflowing its banks
    9. Iflooding the land beside it
    10. JDeposits alluvium soil
    11. Kdeposition.
    12. LNarrow ridged of alluvial deposits
    13. Mbanks of old river
    14. Nmaterial builds up
    15. Oridge along the rivers bank.
    16. PArtificial levee
    17. Qprevent the river from flooding
40. 40Deltas are shaped like a triangle. They form at the mouth of a river. When a river enters the sea it drops it deposits its load. If the sea cannot wash it away the deposits build up to form a delta. Blocks flow of river gets to the sea through dis tributaries.

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
41. 41Sea Erosion-Compression of air- Waves crash against the coast and into caves. When this happens the air in the cave is [blank_start]compressed.[blank_end] When the waves go back out again the [blank_start]air in the cave expands[blank_end]. This happens again and again until the [blank_start]rock breaks[blank_end].

    1. Acompressed.
    2. Bair in the cave expands
    3. Crock breaks
42. 42Features of sea erosion- Cliffs
    
    Waves erode a [blank_start]notch in the coast[blank_end]. The notch [blank_start]gradually becomes deeper[blank_end]. The area above the notch becomes so [blank_start]undercut[blank_end] that is [blank_start]collapses forming a cliff[blank_end]. Example cliffs of moher co clare.Slieve league co Donegal. Material eroded from the cliff builds up to form a [blank_start]wave built terrace.[blank_end]

    1. Anotch in the coast
    2. Bgradually becomes deeper
    3. Cundercut
    4. Dcollapses forming a cliff
    5. Ewave built terrace.
43. 43Caves- Is an [blank_start]opening in the cliff face[blank_end]. It is formed when the [blank_start]waves attack a weak part[blank_end] of the cliff. There may be a [blank_start]crack[blank_end] in the rock and the [blank_start]waves erode it.[blank_end]

    1. Aopening in the cliff face
    2. Bwaves attack a weak part
    3. Ccrack
    4. Dwaves erode it.
44. 44Arches and Stacks.
    
    If [blank_start]two caves form back to back[blank_end] on a headland they may meet to [blank_start]form a arch[blank_end]. If the [blank_start]roof of the arch collapses[blank_end] it forms a [blank_start]sea stack[blank_end]. Over time the [blank_start]sea stack is eroded[blank_end] and [blank_start]collapses leaving a stump[blank_end] that can be seen in [blank_start]low tide[blank_end].

    1. Atwo caves form back to back
    2. Bform a arch
    3. Croof of the arch collapses
    4. Dsea stack
    5. Esea stack is eroded
    6. Fcollapses leaving a stump
    7. Glow tide
45. 45Blowhole
    
    Is a hole which [blank_start]joins the roof of a cave[blank_end] with the [blank_start]surface above[blank_end]. As sea spray may be blown up through it in stormy weather.
    Example two pistols and m'swynes gun in co donegals coast.

    1. Ajoins the roof of a cave
    2. Bsurface above
46. 46Bays and headlands
    
    These are formed when there is a coastline which is made up [blank_start]of different rocks[blank_end]. The [blank_start]softer rock is attacked[blank_end] by the waves to [blank_start]form bays[blank_end] while the [blank_start]harder rock juts out[blank_end] into the sea to form [blank_start]headlands.[blank_end]
    eg Dublin Bay,clew bay Malin head and Mizen head.

    1. Aof different rocks
    2. Bsofter rock is attacked
    3. Charder rock juts out
    4. Dheadlands.
    5. Eform bays
47. 47Defending the coast from attack
    
    Beach renourishment- [blank_start]bringing large amount[blank_end]s of [blank_start]sand[blank_end] to a beach which will act as a [blank_start]barrier to slow down the waves[blank_end].
    
    Groynes-these are [blank_start]concrete or wooden structures[blank_end] that are designed to [blank_start]trap sediment[blank_end] ensuring that the [blank_start]sand builds up[blank_end] rather than being removed from the beach.
    
    Honeycomb rocks- these are [blank_start]artificial rocks[blank_end] that are placed on the beach to stop the waves from [blank_start]eroding the coastline.[blank_end]

    1. Abringing large amount
    2. Bsand
    3. Cbarrier to slow down the waves
    4. Dconcrete or wooden structures
    5. Etrap sediment
    6. Fsand builds up
    7. Gartificial rocks
    8. Heroding the coastline.
48. 48Deposition by the sea
    When [blank_start]rocks are eroded by the sea[blank_end] the [blank_start]broken bits of rock[blank_end] are [blank_start]moved along by the water[blank_end]. These bits of rock are [blank_start]knocked against[blank_end] each other in the water and are made [blank_start]smaller and rounded[blank_end]. This is called [blank_start]attrition.[blank_end]
    When [blank_start]waves break and run up[blank_end] the beach this is called the [blank_start]swash[blank_end]. The swash is usually [blank_start]powerful it[blank_end] can even push [blank_start]heavy stones to the top of the shore[blank_end]. The water flows back down the beach this is called the [blank_start]backwash[blank_end]. The backwash is usually [blank_start]less powerful[blank_end] as it drags only [blank_start]finer sand and gravel particles[blank_end] to the [blank_start]bottom of the shore[blank_end].
    
    Longshore drift- Waves approach the shore [blank_start]at an angle[blank_end]. The swash pushes material up along the beach. Each backwash drags the material directly down the shore. Because of this the material is gradually transported in a [blank_start]zig zag manner[blank_end] .

    1. Abroken bits of rock
    2. Bmoved along by the water
    3. Crocks are eroded by the sea
    4. Dknocked against
    5. Esmaller and rounded
    6. Fattrition.
    7. Gwaves break and run up
    8. Hswash
    9. Ipowerful it
    10. Jheavy stones to the top of the shore
    11. Kbackwash
    12. Lless powerful
    13. Mfiner sand and gravel particles
    14. Nbottom of the shore
    15. Oat an angle
    16. Pzig zag manner
49. 49Features of deposition
    
    A beach is an area of [blank_start]sand and shingle[blank_end] which [blank_start]occurs between high and low tide levels[blank_end]. The [blank_start]swash and backwash[blank_end] drags pushes and drags materials [blank_start]up and down the shore[blank_end]. The swash carries material up the shore and deposits it . Because the backwash it weaker it is unable to carry all the material back. The [blank_start]heaviest material is dropped first[blank_end] and finer material is carried closer to the shoreline .Overtime it builds up to form a beach.

    1. Asand and shingle
    2. Boccurs between high and low tide levels
    3. Cswash and backwash
    4. Dup and down the shore
    5. Eheaviest material is dropped first
50. 50Features of deposition- A Sand spit is a split is a [blank_start]narrow ridge[blank_end] of [blank_start]sand and shingle[blank_end] that [blank_start]juts into the sea[blank_end] but is [blank_start]connected to the land[blank_end] at one end , example [blank_start]portmarnock co Dublin.[blank_end]
    A sand bar is a bar that is a [blank_start]narrow ridge of sand and shingle[blank_end] which [blank_start]stretches across a bay and seals it off[blank_end]. A [blank_start]lagoon[blank_end] is a [blank_start]small lake[blank_end] behind the bar [blank_start]eg hadys island wexford[blank_end]

    1. Anarrow ridge
    2. Bsand and shingle
    3. Cjuts into the sea
    4. Dconnected to the land
    5. Eportmarnock co Dublin.
    6. Fnarrow ridge of sand and shingle
    7. Gstretches across a bay and seals it off
    8. Hlagoon
    9. Ismall lake
    10. Jeg hadys island wexford
51. 51Features of deposition
    
    A tombolo is a [blank_start]narrow ridge of sand and shingle[blank_end] which joins an [blank_start]offshore island to the mainland[blank_end]. Example : [blank_start]Sulton,Co.Dublin[blank_end]
    
    Sand Dunes are [blank_start]mounds of sand at the back of a beach[blank_end] which were formed by the [blank_start]wind.[blank_end] Sometimes [blank_start]marram grass[blank_end] is planted on the dunes to prevent the sand from blowing inwards to Inland . Marram grass has [blank_start]deep roots[blank_end] that help keep the [blank_start]sand in place eg Ross point Co.Sligo[blank_end]

    1. Anarrow ridge of sand and shingle
    2. Boffshore island to the mainland
    3. CSulton,Co.Dublin
    4. Dmounds of sand at the back of a beach
    5. Ewind.
    6. Fmarram grass
    7. Gdeep roots
    8. Hsand in place eg Ross point Co.Sligo

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Quiz on 1_1_Geography: Physical, created by clea tabo on 23/05/2016.

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